External Costs of Fossil Fuel Cycles

Fossil-fueled motor vehicles play an important role in supporting the economicactivities of society. Besides having a positive effect on a country's economicgrowth, the operation of fossil-fueled motor vehicles also has a negative impact.These negative effects impose costs on society which are usually known asexternal costs and consist of air pollution costs, congestion costs, accident costs, noise costs and climate change costs. Conceptually, the external costs ofoperating these fossil fuel vehicles must be charged to motor vehicle usersthrough the imposition of various taxes, one of which can be in the form of MotorVehicle Fuel Tax. In Indonesia the Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax is levied as a RegionalTax at a rate of 5% of the Selling Value of Motor Vehicle Fuel and is notdifferentiated for petrol or diesel fuels. Research conducted shows that the MotorVehicle Fuel Tax that is collected in Indonesia is still too small, both from itsabsolute value and its tariffs, when compared with European countries, OECDand non OECD member countries and countries in the Southeast Asia Region. Inaddition, the value of the Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax collected is still insufficient to cover the external costs of operating a fossil-fueled motorized vehicle. Therefore,the tax rates for motor vehicle fuels in Indonesia must be increased and the ratesmust be separated between gasoline fuel which must be higher than diesel fuel.

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External costs from fossil electricity generation: A review of the applied impact pathway approach

Energy & Environment ◽

10.1177/0958305x18761616 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 635-648 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mojtaba Jorli ◽

Steven Van Passel ◽

Hossein Sadeghi Saghdel

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Electricity Generation ◽

Power Plants ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Fuel Quality ◽

External Costs ◽

Local Data ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Impact Pathway ◽

The Impact

This paper reviews and compares 11 studies that have estimated external costs of fossil electricity generation by benefits transfer. These studies include 13 countries and most of these countries are developing countries. The impact pathway approach is applied to estimate the environmental impact arising from fossil fuel-fired power plant’s air emission and the related damages on human health. The estimated damages are used to value the monetary external costs from fossil fuel electricity generation. The estimated external costs in the 13 countries vary from 0.51 to 213.5 USD (2005) per MW h due to differences in fossil fuel quality, location, technology, and efficiency of power plants and additionally differences in assumptions, monetization values, and impact estimations. Accounting for these externalities can indicate the actual costs of fossil energy. The results can be applied by policy makers to take measures to avoid additional costs and to apply newer and cleaner energy sources. The described methods in the selected studies for estimating the external costs with respect to incomplete local data can be applied as a useful example for other developing countries.

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Analisis Tarif Dan Besarnya Pajak Bahan Bakar Kendaraan Bermotor Di Indonesia

BIP's JURNAL BISNIS PERSPEKTIF ◽

10.37477/bip.v11i2.17 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 104-122

Author(s):

Setiadi Alim Lim ◽

Lilik Indrawati

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuel ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

External Costs ◽

Tax Rates ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Fuel Tax ◽

Diesel Fuels ◽

Congestion Costs ◽

Positive Effect

Fossil-fueled motor vehicles play an important role in supporting the economicactivities of society. Besides having a positive effect on a country's economicgrowth, the operation of fossil-fueled motor vehicles also has a negative impact.These negative effects impose costs on society which are usually known asexternal costs and consist of air pollution costs, congestion costs, accident costs, noise costs and climate change costs. Conceptually, the external costs ofoperating these fossil fuel vehicles must be charged to motor vehicle usersthrough the imposition of various taxes, one of which can be in the form of MotorVehicle Fuel Tax. In Indonesia the Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax is levied as a RegionalTax at a rate of 5% of the Selling Value of Motor Vehicle Fuel and is notdifferentiated for petrol or diesel fuels. Research conducted shows that the MotorVehicle Fuel Tax that is collected in Indonesia is still too small, both from itsabsolute value and its tariffs, when compared with European countries, OECDand non OECD member countries and countries in the Southeast Asia Region. Inaddition, the value of the Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax collected is still insufficient to cover the external costs of operating a fossil-fueled motorized vehicle. Therefore,the tax rates for motor vehicle fuels in Indonesia must be increased and the ratesmust be separated between gasoline fuel which must be higher than diesel fuel.

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Towards an artificial carbohydrates supply on Earth

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-2989 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Florian Dinger ◽

Ulrich Platt

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Market Price ◽

Production Costs ◽

External Costs ◽

Sugar Production ◽

Land Area ◽

Directed Research ◽

Global Population

<p>How to feed a growing global population in a secure and sustainable way? The conventional, biogenic agriculture has yet failed to provide a reliable concept which circumvents its severe environmental externalities &#8212; such as the massive use of land area, water for irrigation, fertiliser, pesticides, herbicides, and fossil fuel. In contrast, the artificial synthesis of carbohydrates from atmospheric carbon dioxide, water, and renewable energy would allow not only for a highly reliable production without those externalities, but would also allow to increase the agricultural capacities of our planet by several orders of magnitude. All required technology is either commercially available or at least developed on a lab-scale. No directed research has, however, yet been conducted towards an industry-scale carbohydrate synthesis because the biogenic carbohydrate production was economically more competitive. Taking the environmental and socioeconomic externalities of the conventional sugar production into account, this economical narrative has to be questioned. We estimate the production costs of artificial sugar at ~1 &#8364;/kg. While the today&#8217;s spot market price for conventional sugar is about ~0.3 &#8364;/kg, we estimate its total costs (including external costs) at >0.9 &#8364;/kg in humid regions and >2 &#8364;/kg in semi-arid regions. Accordingly, artificial sugar appears already today to be the less expensive way of production. The artificial sugar production allows in principle also for a subsequent synthesis of other carbohydrates such as starch as well as of fats. These synthetic products could be used as a feedstock to microorganisms, fungi, insects, or livestock in order to enhance also the sustainability of the biogenic production of, e.g., proteins.</p>

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