atmospheric carbon dioxide
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2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung Hong Tan ◽  
Saifuddin Nomanbhay ◽  
Abd Halim Shamsuddin ◽  
Young-Kwon Park ◽  
H. Hernández-Cocoletzi ◽  
...  

The utilization of fossil fuel has increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations drastically over the last few decades. This leads to global warming and climate change, increasing the occurrence of more severe weather around the world. One promising solution to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions is methanation. Many researchers and industries are interested in CO2 methanation as a power-to-gas technology and carbon capture and storage (CCS) system. Producing an energy carrier, methane (CH4), via CO2 methanation and water electrolysis is an exceptionally effective method of capturing energy generated by renewables. To enhance methanation efficiency, numerous researches have been conducted to develop catalysts with high activity, CH4 selectivity, and stability against the reaction heat. Therefore, in this mini-review, the characteristics and recent advances of metal-based catalysts in methanation of CO2 is discussed.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Iwasaki ◽  
Lester Lembke-Jene ◽  
Kana Nagashima ◽  
Helge Arz ◽  
Naomi Harada ◽  
...  

Abstract Southern Ocean deep-water circulation plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. On geological time-scales, upwelling along the Chilean continental margin likely contributed to the deglacial atmospheric carbon dioxide rise, but little quantitative evidence exists of carbon storage. Here, we use a new X-ray Micro-Computer-Tomography method to assess foraminiferal test dissolution as proxy for paleo-carbonate ion concentrations ([CO32−]). Our subantarctic Southeast Pacific sediment core depth transect shows significant deep-water [CO32−] variations during the Last Glacial Maximum and Deglaciation (10 – 22 ka BP). We provide evidence for an increase in [CO32−] during the early deglacial period (15-19 ka BP), followed by a ca. 40 µmol kg−1 reduction in Lower Circumpolar Deepwater (CDW). This decreased Pacific to Atlantic export of low-carbon CDW contributed to significantly lowered carbon storage within the Southern Ocean, highlighting the importance of a dynamic Pacific–Southern Ocean deep-water reconfiguration for shaping late-glacial oceanic carbon storage, and subsequent deglacial oceanic-atmospheric CO2 transfer.


2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Giovanni Malusà ◽  
Enrico Brandmayr ◽  
Giuliano Francesco Panza ◽  
Fabio Romanelli ◽  
Simona Ferrando ◽  
...  

AbstractCarbon dragged at sub-arc depths and sequestered in the asthenospheric upper mantle during cold subduction is potentially released after millions of years during the breakup of continental plates. However, it is unclear whether these deep-carbon reservoirs can be locally remobilized on shorter-term timescales. Here we reveal the fate of carbon released during cold subduction by analyzing an anomalously deep earthquake in December 2020 in the lithospheric mantle beneath Milan (Italy), above a deep-carbon reservoir previously imaged in the mantle wedge by geophysical methods. We show that the earthquake source moment tensor includes a major explosive component that we ascribe to carbon-rich melt/fluid migration along upper-mantle shear zones and rapid release of about 17,000 tons of carbon dioxide when ascending melts exit the carbonate stability field. Our results underline the importance of carbon-rich melts at active continental margins for emission budgets and suggest their potential episodic contributions to atmospheric carbon dioxide.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Hay ◽  
James A. Anderson ◽  
Susan P. McCormick ◽  
Milagros P. Hojilla-Evangelista ◽  
Gordon W. Selling ◽  
...  

AbstractThe nutritional integrity of wheat is jeopardized by rapidly rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and the associated emergence and enhanced virulence of plant pathogens. To evaluate how disease resistance traits may impact wheat climate resilience, 15 wheat cultivars with varying levels of resistance to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) were grown at ambient and elevated CO2. Although all wheat cultivars had increased yield when grown at elevated CO2, the nutritional contents of FHB moderately resistant (MR) cultivars were impacted more than susceptible cultivars. At elevated CO2, the MR cultivars had more significant differences in plant growth, grain protein, starch, fructan, and macro and micro-nutrient content compared with susceptible wheat. Furthermore, changes in protein, starch, phosphorus, and magnesium content were correlated with the cultivar FHB resistance rating, with more FHB resistant cultivars having greater changes in nutrient content. This is the first report of a correlation between the degree of plant pathogen resistance and grain nutritional content loss in response to elevated CO2. Our results demonstrate the importance of identifying wheat cultivars that can maintain nutritional integrity and FHB resistance in future atmospheric CO2 conditions.


RSC Advances ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 772-776
Author(s):  
Yanjiao Chen ◽  
Xuan Dai ◽  
Wenwei Zhang ◽  
Tao Wu ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
...  

A mesoporous ternary metal oxide (K-Cu-20TiO2) from a simple sol–gel method was prepared to catalyze heterogeneously the carboxylation reaction of various sodium arylsulfinates under atmospheric carbon dioxide.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Peter Msumali Rogers ◽  
Mathias Fridahl ◽  
Pius Yanda ◽  
Anders Hansson ◽  
Noah Pauline ◽  
...  

Biochar may contribute to both agricultural productivity and atmospheric carbon dioxide removal. However, despite the many potential upsides of adding biochar to amend carbon-depleted soils in sub-Saharan Africa, deployment is largely lacking. This paper explores the socio-economic factors that can explain tendencies to avoid action. Based on a survey of 172 farming households, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions in the Mbeya and Songwe regions of Tanzania, which were targeted for a biochar aid program in 2014, several socio-economic drivers behind the continued use of biochar deployment were identified in this follow-up study. A key deployment driver was the increased crop yields, perceived to be the result of adding biochar to soils, increasing yields from 1 metric ton per hectare to 3 metric tons per hectare. Food security and family income were cited as the main reasons to engage in biochar production and use. Climate change mitigation and increased resilience were other key reasons that motivated adoption. In terms of socio-economic factors, farmers with low education and income, the majority being males aged 40–60 years, contributed to low adoption rates in the study area. Respondents often cited the alternative usage of biochar feedstocks, lack of government involvement or extension services, traditions, and farming customs as the main constraints limiting biochar deployment.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo Mäkelä ◽  
Laura Arppe ◽  
Hannu Fritze ◽  
Jussi Heinonsalo ◽  
Jari Liski ◽  
...  

Abstract. Soil carbon sequestration has gained traction as a mean to mitigate rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Verification of different methods’ efficiency to increase soil carbon sink requires, in addition to good quality measurements, reliable models capable of simulating the effect of the sequestration practices. One way to get insight of the methods’ effects on carbon cycling processes is to analyse different carbon isotope concentrations in soil organic matter. In this paper we introduce a carbon-13 isotope specific soil organic matter decomposition add-on into the Yasso soil carbon model and assess its functionality. The new 13C-dedicated decomposition is straightforward to implement and depends linearly on the default Yasso model parameters and the relative carbon isotope (13C/12C) concentration. Despite of their simplicity, the modifications considerably improve the model behaviour in a 50-year long simulation.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveen Chandra ◽  
Prabir K. Patra ◽  
Yousuke Niwa ◽  
Akihiko Ito ◽  
Yosuke Iida ◽  
...  

Abstract. Global and regional sources and sinks of carbon across the earth’s surface have been studied extensively using atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) observations and chemistry-transport model (ACTM) simulations (top-down/inversion method). However, the uncertainties in the regional flux (+ve: source to the atmosphere; −ve: sink on land/ocean) distributions remain unconstrained mainly due to the lack of sufficient high-quality measurements covering the globe in all seasons and the uncertainties in model simulations. Here, we use a suite of 16 inversion cases, derived from a single transport model (MIROC4-ACTM) but different sets of a priori (bottom-up) terrestrial biosphere and oceanic fluxes, as well as prior flux and observational data uncertainties (50 sites) to estimate CO2 fluxes for 84 regions over the period 2000–2020. The ensemble inversions provide a mean flux field that is consistent with the global CO2 growth rate, land and ocean sink partitioning of −2.9 ± 0.3 (±1σ uncertainty on mean) and −1.6 ± 0.2 PgC yr−1, respectively, for the period 2011–2020 (without riverine export correction), offsetting about 22–33 % and 16–18 % of global fossil-fuel CO2 emissions. Aggregated fluxes for 15 land regions compare reasonably well with the best estimations for (approx. 2000–2009) given by the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP), and all regions appeared as a carbon sink over 2011–2020. Interannual variability and seasonal cycle in CO2 fluxes are more consistently derived for different prior fluxes when a greater degree of freedom is given to the inversion system (greater prior flux uncertainty). We have evaluated the inversion fluxes using independent aircraft and surface measurements not used in the inversions, which raises our confidence in the ensemble mean flux rather than an individual inversion. Differences between 5-year mean fluxes show promises and capability to track flux changes under ongoing and future CO2 emission mitigation policies.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Platt ◽  
Florian Dinger

<p>Our conventional, biogenic agriculture (CBA) has failed to provide a reliable concept to feed a growing population in a sustainable way. In particular CBA suffers from severe environmental externalities - such as the massive use of land area, water for irrigation, fertiliser, pesticides, herbicides, and fossil fuel.</p> <p>Here we suggest the artificial synthesis of carbohydrates from (atmospheric) carbon dioxide, water, and renewable energy, which would allow not only a highly reliable production without those externalities, but would also open the possibility to increase the agricultural capacity of our planet by several orders of magnitude. Our study shows that saccharose could be produced from CO2, water and electrical energy with an efficiency exceeding 30% equivalent to about 15 kWh per kg of sugar. Factoring in the efficiency of photovoltaic electricity generation we derive a „sun to sugar“ efficinecy exceeding 6%, which is about 10-times the efficiency of CBA sugar beets or sugar cane.</p> <p>All required technology is either commercially available or at least developed on a lab-scale. No directed research has, however, yet been conducted towards an industry-scale carbohydrate synthesis because the CBA carbohydrate production was thought to be economically more competitive. However, considering the environmental and socioeconomic externalities of the conventional sugar production, this economical narrative has to be questioned. We estimate the production costs of artificial sugar at about 1 €/kg. Today’s spot market price for conventional sugar is about 0.3 €/kg, however, we estimate its total costs (including external costs) at >0.9 €/kg in humid regions and >2 €/kg in semi-arid regions. Accordingly, artificial sugar appears already today to be the less expensive way of production. The artificial sugar production allows in principle also for a subsequent synthesis of other carbohydrates such as starch as well as of fats. These synthetic products could be used as a feedstock to microorganisms, fungi, insects, or livestock in order to enhance also the sustainability of the biogenic production of, e.g., proteins.</p>


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