Neurotrophins as in vitro growth cone guidance molecules for embryonic sensory neurons

1997 ◽  
pp. 285-297
Author(s):  
Heiti Paves ◽  
Mart Saarma
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Growth Cone ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Guidance Molecules ◽  
Growth Cone Guidance

The semaphorin genes encode a family of transmembrane and secreted growth cone guidance molecules

Cell ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 1389-1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex L. Kolodkin ◽  
David J. Matthes ◽  
Corey S. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Cone ◽  
Guidance Molecules ◽  
Growth Cone Guidance

Integrated interactions between chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans and weak dc electric fields regulate nerve growth cone guidance in vitro

1997 ◽  
Vol 110 (16) ◽  
pp. 1957-1965
Author(s):  
L. Erskine ◽  
C.D. McCaig
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Growth Cone ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Keratan Sulphate ◽  
Nerve Growth ◽  
Guidance Cues ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycans ◽  
Growth Cone Guidance

During development and regenerative growth, neuronal pathways are defined in part by several endogenous cues that collectively determine directed growth. The interactions between such cues largely are unknown. To address potential interactions, we have examined in vitro the combined effect on nerve growth of two endogenous growth cone guidance cues: chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans and weak dc electric fields. Addition to the culture medium of a chondroitin 6-sulphate/keratan sulphate containing PG (BNC-PG) markedly enhanced the cathodal re-orientation of embryonic Xenopus neurites in an electric field, whereas a proteoglycan containing chondroitin 4-sulphate (RC-PG) was inhibitory. These effects of BNC-PG and RC-PG were reproduced by their chondroitin sulphate glycosaminoglycan side chains alone. Chondroitin 6-sulphate or chondroitin 4-sulphate, respectively, enhanced and inhibited cathodally-directed nerve re-orientation. This was dependent on the integrity of the glycosaminoglycan chain structure; when digested into their disaccharide subunits both molecules became inactive. Keratan sulphate, a minor component of BNC-PG, was found to be inhibitory, whereas dermatan sulphate, an epimer of chondroitin 4-sulphate, had no effect. We conclude that in vitro specific interactions between these two nerve guidance cues do occur and that the specificity of the response is critically dependent on the charge pattern of the proteoglycans chondroitin sulphate side chains. The expression of a host of proteoglycans with differing glycosaminoglycan side chains varies in both time and place in the developing nervous system, thus the scope is vast for spatial and temporal modulation of nerve guidance by interacting cues.

scholarly journals Mechanical tension produced by nerve cells in tissue culture

1979 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 391-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Growth Cone ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Growth Cones ◽  
Cultured Neurons ◽  
Mechanical Tension ◽  
Standard Methods

Evidence is presented that (a) the growth cone of cultured neurons can exert mechanical tension, and (b) that the direction of advance of the growth cone is determined by the tension existing between it and the rest of the cell. (a) The evidence that growth cones can pull comes from a vectorial analysis of the outlines of individually isolated sensory neurons. The angles formed in these outgrowths are very close to those of tension-generated networks anchored at their free ends and these values are restored shortly after an experimental displacement. The relative mechanical tension on each segment of an outgrowth can be calculated by standard methods and is found to decrease at each branch point. It appears to be correlated with the diameter of the fibre so that thicker fibres maintain more tension than thinner ones. (b) The influence of tension on the direction of advance of the growth cone is shown by 2 kinds of experient. If a growing neurite is pulled to one side with a microelectrode then the direction of its advance is changed immediately according to the new stress. If the mechanical tension on the growth cone of a neurite is released by amputation or displacement the growth cone is found to have a high probability of branching shortly afterwards. The ability of the growth cone to exert tension is discussed in relation to evidence that microspikes have contractile properties and in terms of the distribution of microfilaments within the neurite. It is suggested that the exertion of tension by a growth cone could serve to guide the neurite along paths of high adhesivity both in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals A mathematical model explains saturating axon guidance responses to molecular gradients

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huyen Nguyen ◽  
Peter Dayan ◽  
Zac Pujic ◽  
Justin Cooper-White ◽  
Geoffrey J Goodhill
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Axon Guidance ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Growth Cone ◽  
Growth Cones ◽  
Mathematical Explanation ◽  
In Vitro Growth

Correct wiring is crucial for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Molecular gradients provide critical signals to guide growth cones, which are the motile tips of developing axons, to their targets. However, in vitro, growth cones trace highly stochastic trajectories, and exactly how molecular gradients bias their movement is unclear. Here, we introduce a mathematical model based on persistence, bias, and noise to describe this behaviour, constrained directly by measurements of the detailed statistics of growth cone movements in both attractive and repulsive gradients in a microfluidic device. This model provides a mathematical explanation for why average axon turning angles in gradients in vitro saturate very rapidly with time at relatively small values. This work introduces the most accurate predictive model of growth cone trajectories to date, and deepens our understanding of axon guidance events both in vitro and in vivo.

Effect of in Vivo Oxidized Cellulose on in Vitro Growth of Human Respiratory Mucosa and Sub-mucosa During Endoscopic Skull Base Approaches

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (S 01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Goldschmidt ◽  
Jorge Rasmussen ◽  
Joseph Chabot ◽  
Monica Loressi ◽  
Marcelo Ielpi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Oxidized Cellulose ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Respiratory Mucosa
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