The Role of Immunobiotics and Postbiotics in the Recovery of Immune Cell Populations From Respiratory Mucosa of Malnourished Hosts: Effect on the Resistance Against Respiratory Infections

Malnutrition is associated with a state of secondary immunodeficiency, which is characterized by a worsening of the immune response against infectious agents. Despite important advances in vaccines and antibiotic therapies, the respiratory infections are among the leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality, especially in immunosuppressed hosts. In this review, we examine the interactions between immunobiotics-postbiotics and the immune cell populations of the respiratory mucosa. In addition, we discuss how this cross talk affects the maintenance of a normal generation of immune cells, that is crucial for the establishment of protective innate and adaptive immune responses. Particular attention will be given to the alterations in the development of phagocytic cells, T and B lymphocytes in bone marrow, spleen and thymus in immunosuppression state by protein deprivation. Furthermore, we describe our research that demonstrated that the effectiveness of immunobiotics nasal administration in accelerating the recovery of the respiratory immune response in malnourished hosts. Finally, we propose the peptidoglycan from the immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 as the key cellular component for the effects on mucosal immunity, which are unique and cannot be extrapolated to other L. rhamnosus or probiotic strains. In this way, we provide the scientific bases for its application as a mucosal adjuvant in health plans, mainly aimed to improve the immune response of immunocompromised hosts. The search for safe vaccine adjuvants that increase their effectiveness at the mucosal level is a problem of great scientific relevance today.

Stealth Adapted Coronaviruses Resulting from the Use of Covid-19 Vaccines

The continuing emergence of variant forms of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is the probable consequence of using the current Covid-19 vaccines. These vaccines do not induce the same immunity as do naturally occurring infections.First, the vaccines are given by intramuscular injections. This is far less effective than natural infection in stimulating the development of virus specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) producing cells and cytotoxic T cells (CTL) within the respiratory mucosa. Virus exposure in a previously vaccinated individual with limited mucosal immunity increases the risk of a persistent, subclinical infection, which will initially be restricted to the superficial mucosa. NIH and CDC officials have alluded to this possibility in advising those who have been vaccinated to continue wearing masks lest they may infect others. The second major distinction between the Covid-19 vaccines and natural infection is the FDA allowance of using only one component as the antigen, namely the spike protein. Deletion or other modifications of a single targeted component can occur more readily as an immune evasion mechanism than concurrent genetic modifications of multiple antigenic components. Covid-19 vaccine evoked immunity will, therefore, exert a strong immunoselective pressure for major modifications or deletion of the spike protein. With successive additional changes in the few remaining viral components that are normally targeted by cellular immunity, as well as the incorporation of sufficient genetic sequences from cells and other microbes; non-immunogenic, pathogenic viruses will then emerge. These viruses will no longer be immunologically restricted to the respiratory mucosa and will become more widespread within the body. The immune evasion/escape mechanism utilized in this manner is termed stealth adaptation. It was initially identified in the cytomegaloviruses of monkeys used to produce polio vaccines. Not only were these viruses probably involved in causing AIDS, but they can account for the rise in many chronic illnesses, such as autism and the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Until proven otherwise, the neuropsychiatric symptoms of the Long Covid syndrome in previously healthy individuals, are consistent with brain infection with stealth adapted coronaviruses. This illness is, therefore, likely to be infectious, including the possibility of transplacental transmission. Testing for stealth adapted viruses in these patients is best performed using virus cultures followed by genetic sequencing. Even though cellular immunity fails to effectively suppress stealth adapted viruses, these viruses as well as the conventional viruses from which they are derived, are still susceptible to a non-immunological anti-virus defense mechanism mediated by the alternative cellular energy (ACE) pathway. This pathway is reflected in an added kinetic activity of the body’s fluids.The environmental life-force energy for the ACE pathway is called KELEA (Kinetic Energy Limiting Electrostatic Attraction). Water with high levels of KELEA is available for clinical studies.Enhancing the ACE pathway in those who are susceptible to severe Covid-19 illness and in Long Covid syndrome patients is arguably preferable to risking the development of new forms of stealth adapted viruses by using the current Covid-19 vaccines.

Relevance of the Use of Mucoactive Drugs for Coughing with Different Etiopathogenesis During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The adequate choice of drugs for the treatment of cough, taking into account the concomitant pathology, pathogenetic mechanisms of cough development, and its causes, is a difficult task. To reduce polypragmasia for the pathogenetic and symptomatic treatment of acute respiratory diseases, drugs with a combined effect should be preferred. In this aspect, carbocysteine seems to be the optimal drug, as it is characterized by mucoregulatory, mucolytic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects, improves mucociliary transport, and promotes regeneration of the respiratory mucosa

Unique Challenges for Otolaryngology Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has drastically altered health care delivery and utilization. The field of otolaryngology in particular has faced distinct challenges and an increased risk of transmission as day-to-day procedures involve intimate contact with a highly infectious upper respiratory mucosa. While the difficulties for physicians have been thoroughly discussed, the unique challenges of patients have yet to be considered. In this article, we present challenges for patients of otolaryngology that warrant thoughtful consideration and propose solutions to address these challenges to maintain patient-centered care both during and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Effect of radon therapy on epithelial cells of the respiratory tract mucosa in patients with occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The influence of natural radon waters on the state of the respiratory tract mucosal cells in patients working in the coal and metallurgical industries with occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was studied. The positive effect of common radon baths on the restoration of cytological changes in the respiratory mucosa was revealed.Indicators of local immunity of the respiratory tract mucosa in patients with occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the background of the use of general radon baths.The aim of the study is to explore the effect of natural radon water in the form of shared baths on epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa in patients with occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease based on the analysis of cytological changes in the respiratory mucosa. Patients of the main group with professional chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were given general radon baths from a natural source in sanatorium conditions. Patients in the control group had shared freshwater baths. All patients before and after treatment studies were conducted cytologic changes in the smears from the mucous membrane of the nose and phlegm. The use of common radon baths in the main group revealed a pronounced corrective effect on the function of cellular protection of the respiratory mucosa, which was expressed in a significant decrease in destructive processes in cells of all types with an increase in their functional activity, normalization of mucociliary clearance. There were no significant changes in indicators in the control group.The use of common radon baths at the stage of rehabilitation in workers of the coal and metallurgical industry with professional chronic obstructive pulmonary disease leads to the restoration of the integrity of the cellular composition of the epithelial cover of the respiratory tract mucosa, preserves the functional activity of cells of local protection factors.The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Chronic rhinitis in glassblowers

Background/Aim. Glassworkers, especially glassblowers are in close contact with a variety of chemical and physical harmful agents at their workplace. Upper aerodigestive pathway is predominantly vulnerable to these agents. Breathing of warm volatile substances and dust, and mouth touch with glassblower's pipe are the main ways for chronic respiratory mucosa inflammation. The aim of this study was to estimate effect of workplace environment in a glass manufacturer plant, as a causative factor, on the prevalence of chronic rhinitis in glassblowers. Methods. Studied groups, one hundred glassblowers and 100 nonglassblowers in a same factory, were examined for diagnosis of chronic rhinitis. Results. This investigation confirmed that chronic rhinitis prevalence among glassblowers was significantly higher than that in non-glassblowers. The duration of exposure to harmful factors was not a significant factor for chronic rhinitis development. Conclusion. On their workplace, glassblowers are exposed to greater influence of noxious factors, and they have statistically greater risk for getting chronic rhinitis than nonglassblowers who work in the same work environment. Glass production by glassblowing is highly significant risk factor for getting chronic rhinitis, but the exposure period is not.