Three Approaches to Trade-Offs in Life-History Evolution

1987 ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Rose ◽  
P. M. Service ◽  
E. W. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
History Evolution

scholarly journals Life‐history evolution in the anthropocene: effects of increasing nutrients on traits and trade‐offs

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 635-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Snell‐Rood ◽  
Rickey Cothran ◽  
Anne Espeset ◽  
Punidan Jeyasingh ◽  
Sarah Hobbie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
History Evolution

Trade-Offs in Life-History Evolution

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Stearns
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
History Evolution

scholarly journals Reactive oxygen species as universal constraints in life-history evolution

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1663) ◽  
pp. 1737-1745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damian K. Dowling ◽  
Leigh W. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Life History ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Evolution

Evolutionary theory is firmly grounded on the existence of trade-offs between life-history traits, and recent interest has centred on the physiological mechanisms underlying such trade-offs. Several branches of evolutionary biology, particularly those focusing on ageing, immunological and sexual selection theory, have implicated reactive oxygen species (ROS) as profound evolutionary players. ROS are a highly reactive group of oxygen-containing molecules, generated as common by-products of vital oxidative enzyme complexes. Both animals and plants appear to intentionally harness ROS for use as molecular messengers to fulfil a wide range of essential biological processes. However, at high levels, ROS are known to exert very damaging effects through oxidative stress. For these reasons, ROS have been suggested to be important mediators of the cost of reproduction, and of trade-offs between metabolic rate and lifespan, and between immunity, sexual ornamentation and sperm quality. In this review, we integrate the above suggestions into one life-history framework, and review the evidence in support of the contention that ROS production will constitute a primary and universal constraint in life-history evolution.

Life history evolution in heterogeneous environments: a review of theory

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1345) ◽  
pp. 1349-1359 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Fitness Measures ◽  
History Evolution ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Analysis of life history evolution in spatially heterogeneous environments was revolutionized by the demonstration by Kawecki & Stearns (1993) and Houston & McNamara (1992) that earlier treatments had used incorrect fitness measures. The implications of this for the analysis of organisms with and without phenotypic plasticity are reviewed. It is shown that analyses ignoring age structure can give misleading results. The plausibility and implications of the assumptions are discussed, and suggestions are made for further work. The usefulness of reciprocal transplant and common garden experiments, in providing information relevant to the assumptions and predictions, is emphasized. Two simulation studies show that life history evolution in temporally heterogeneous environments in which trade-offs are fixed are well predicted by Schaffer’s (1974) model, with modification for asymmetric variations as necessary. Unfortunately the period of study needed to observe such effects is so long as to preclude experimental tests for most organsims.

scholarly journals Evolution of pleiotropic alleles for maturation and size as a consequence of predation

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra L Basolo
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Xiphophorus Maculatus ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
History Evolution ◽  
The Cost

Understanding life-history evolution requires knowledge about genetic interactions, physiological mechanisms and the nature of selection. For platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus , extensive information is available about genetic and physiological mechanisms influencing life-history traits. In particular, alleles at the pituitary locus have large and antagonistic effects on age and size at sexual maturation. To examine how predation affects the evolution of these antagonistic traits, I examined pituitary allele evolution in experimental populations differing in predation risk. A smaller size, earlier maturation allele increased in frequency when predators were absent, while a larger size, later maturation allele increased in frequency when predators were present. Thus, predation favours alleles for larger size, at the cost of later maturation and reproduction. These findings are interesting for several reasons. First, predation is often predicted to favour early reproduction at smaller sizes. Second, few studies have shown how selection acts on alleles that affect age and size at sexual maturation. Finally, many studies assume that trade-offs between these life-history traits result from antagonistic pleiotropy, with alleles that positively affect one trait negatively affecting another, yet this is rarely known. This study unequivocally demonstrates that genetically based trade-offs affect life-history evolution in platyfish.

Life History Adaptation in Prey

2018 ◽  
pp. 323-346
Author(s):  
Gary A. Wellborn
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Reproductive Value ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Selective Predation ◽  
Antipredator Defense ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
History Evolution

Predation is a powerful agent of life history evolution in prey species, as demonstrated in diverse examples in crustaceans. Ubiquitous size- and age-selective predation mediates trade-offs among reproductive effort, survival, and growth, which cause evolution of constitutive and phenotypically plastic shifts in age and size at maturity. In accord with predictions of life history theory, comparative studies demonstrate that contrasting forms of selective predation generate divergent evolutionary changes in age- and size-specific allocation of reproductive effort within populations and species. Predation risk also influences egg and offspring size, and some crustaceans exhibit phenotypic plasticity in offspring size in response to chemical cues of predators. Because age-selective predation impacts the relative benefits of earlier versus later reproductive investment, predation may also shape senescence and life span of crustaceans. Additionally, individual differences in risk-taking behavior, sometimes termed “personalities,” have been examined in several crustaceans, and these may arise through among-individual variation in reproductive value. Finally, in some crustacean groups limb autotomy is a common, but costly, antipredator defense, and life history perspectives on autotomy suggest individuals may balance costs and benefits during predator encounters. Much of our understanding of predation’s role in life history evolution of prey derives from studies of crustaceans, and these organisms continue to be promising avenues to elucidate mechanisms of life history evolution.

scholarly journals A microbial perspective on the life-history evolution of marine invertebrate larvae: if, where, and when to feed

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler J. Carrier ◽  
Jason Macrander ◽  
Adam M. Reitzel
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Pelagic Environment ◽  
History Evolution ◽  
Planktotrophic Larvae ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae ◽  
Microbiome Data ◽  
Feeding Environments

AbstractThe feeding environment for planktotrophic larvae has a major impact on development and progression towards competency for metamorphosis. High phytoplankton environments that promote growth often have a greater microbial load and incidence of pathogenic microbes, while areas with lower food availability have a lower number of potential pathogens. Trade-offs between metabolic processes associated with growth and immune functionality have been described throughout the animal kingdom and may influence the life-history evolution of marine invertebrate planktotrophic larvae in these environments. Namely, to avoid potential incidences of microbial-mediated mortality and/or dysbiosis, larvae should regulate time spent between these two feeding environments. We describe here transcriptomic and microbiome data that supports this trade-off in larvae, where larvae in a well-fed environment upregulate genes associated with metabolism and may regularly enter a state of dysbiosis, resulting in mortality. To address the hypothesis that the environmental microbiota is a selective force on if, where, and when planktotrophic larvae should feed, we present a strategy for determining the specific interactions of larvae and microbes at a scale representative of their larger pelagic environment.

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