Applications of Metagenomics for Unrevealing the Extended Horizons of Microbiota Prevalence from Soil to Human Health

Phylogenetic analysis of different ecosystems has shown that the number of microbial communities in a single sample exceeds their cultured counterparts. Microbes have been found throughout nature and can thrive in adverse conditions. Besides inhabiting diverse environments, they also play a key role in the maintenance of the ecosystem. Most of these microbes are either unculturable or difficult to culture with conventional culturing methods. Metagenomics is an emerging field of science that has been in the light for a decade and offers a potential way to assess microbial diversity. The development of metagenomics opens new ways to study genetic material directly from the environmental samples. DNA sequencing and synthesis technologies are making it possible to read and write entire genomes. The huge amount of data obtained from genome sequencing inevitably requires bioinformatics tools to handle and further process them for analysis. Advances in DNA sequencing and high-performance computing have brought about exemplar improvement in metagenomics, allowing in-depth study of the largely unexplored frontier of microbial life. This culture-independent method provides extensive information regarding the structure, composition, and function of the diverse assemblages of the environmental microbes. The current review presents an overview of the technical aspects of metagenomics along with its diverse applications.

Communication of the origin of food products: legal aspects

The interests that revolve around the mandatory indication of the place of origin of a food product are multiple and often conflicting with each other. Alongside the interests of some producers wishing to highlight the geographical origin of their products, there are conflicting interests of other producers who, for different reasons, prefer not to disclose the origin of their product. Then there are also interests of consumers interested at receiving an ever greater and transparency of the extensive information on the product offered. The indication of the origin of a food product can also constitute an element that has an impact on the proper functioning of the internal market to the extent that it can ultimately induce consumers to purchase national products or, at least, it may affect their purchasing choices: it is therefore necessary to assess the compatibility of the mandatory indication of the origin of the food with the principle of the free movement of goods. This competition of interests explains why the European Union’s legislation on this point is somewhat ambiguous: this paper, apart from the presentation of collective marks and certification marks which, although in a limited way, may contain references to the geographical origin of the products, points out to the provisions contained in Regulation EU 1169/2011 on the provision of food information to consumers, as well as the provisions regulating the products with PDO and PGI certificates.

SISTEM MONITORING KENAIKAN SUHU PADA TRANSFORMER BERBASIS IoT

Transformers play an important role in generating electrical energy so that in maintaining their performance this transformer has a lot of protection so that the transformer can work as much as possible. Many things can interfere with transformers, namely when the transformer is overheated, a short circuit occurs, or is struck by lightning causing the transformer to burn, so a system that can provide fast, and extensive information is needed and is handled automatically by monitoring the temperature of the main transformer using a smartphone connected to the internet network. In this study, 2 DS18B20 sensors were used which were equipped with a Manual Call Point (MCP) as input and an ESP32 microcontroller module in which there was a Wi-Fi module as a data processor, then the output data would be sent via the internet to the Internet Of Things (IoT) platform for display. In the form of values, graphs, and notifications. The measurement results are in the form of temperature units in C which will be displayed via a smartphone using the Blynk IoT platform in the form of numbers and graphs in real-time according to the value detected by the sensor. Tests on sensors resulted in an average error of 3.29% on the Low side and 3.01% on the Upside.

Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Elegia Species: A Review

In South Africa, plants belonging to the Restionaceae family possess an ecological dominance. As a result, they have been the subject of numerous morphological, anatomical, and evolutionary studies. However, few studies have focused on their phytochemical profile and their potential pharmacological activities. The genus Elegia L. is the second largest of this family comprising 52 species, which are mainly used as materials for thatching. Limited studies on the chemical constituents of Elegia species and their importance as medicinal plants have been undertaken. This review provides constructive and extensive information about the botanical characterization, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Elegia. A comprehensive search of previously published literature was performed for studies on this genus, using databases with different key search words. This survey documented 52 Elegia species summarizing their previous taxonomic classification. In addition, 14 species were found to be studied for their phytochemical profile, revealing 14 chemical compounds. Concerning their biological activities, only one species (E. tectorum (L.f.) Moline and H.P.Linder) is reported for its anti-wrinkle activity. Moreover, two species are locally used for thatching and as materials for brooms. The present review highlights the Elegia genus as an important source of bioactive phytochemicals with flavonol glycosides being the main metabolites and reveals the uncharted territory of this genus for new research studies.

Characteristics and Potential Impacts of Rest Areas Proximate to Roadways: A Review

Objective: Rest areas are one of the most common roadside service facilities designated for parking and resting purposes. They are considered crucial components in the roadway network since they provide road users with a safe and comfortable place nearby the mainline. Obtaining extensive information on the planning, advantages, and potential effects of rest areas will help establish a better understanding of their characteristics and essential benefits. This will enable decision-makers and safety engineers to implement effective policies. Therefore, this paper reviews the literature on the development and impact of rest areas close to roadways. The objectives of this paper are as follows: to discuss the potential positive and negative effects of rest areas, to determine major challenges, to provide recommendations for implementing such facilities based on the literature search, and to fill a research gap. Methods: The review focuses on articles and reports addressing the features and impacts of rest areas and parking facilities published in English. The literature on parking demands related to rest area facilities is not within the scope of this research. Results: The challenges and recommendations concerning the development and safety aspects of rest areas are critically discussed. The review of numerous studies concerning the safety and operation of rest areas has revealed conflicting results. Although several studies found that establishing rest area facilities proximate to roadway segments positively impacts safety and operation, some indicated that such facilities might pose safety and operation risks along adjacent sections. Thus, this paper highlights a gap in the research area, determining the distribution patterns of crashes occurring along the proximate segments of rest areas. Conclusion: Although rest areas do help in mitigating fatigue-related crashes, the review highlights that future research should investigate the relationship between roadway features and collisions occurring along nearby segments of rest areas to fully understand the safety effects of rest areas nearby the mainline. This work is beneficial for decision-makers and safety engineers since it provides valuable information in terms of the planning features of rest areas and parking facilities, along with their essential impact.

The ice–vapour interface during growth and sublimation

We employed environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) in low-humidity atmosphere to study the ice growth, coalescence of crystallites, polycrystalline film morphology, and sublimation, in the temperature range of −10 to −20 ∘C. First, individual ice crystals grow in the shape of micron-sized hexagonal columns with stable basal faces. Their coalescence during further growth results in substantial surface defects and forms thick polycrystalline films, consisting of large grains separated by grain boundaries. The latter are composed of 1 to 3 µm wide pores, which are attributed to the coalescence of defective crystallite surfaces. Sublimation of isolated crystals and of films is defect-driven, and grain boundaries play a decisive role. A scallop-like concave structure forms, limited by sharp ridges, which are terminated by nanoscale asperities. The motivation for this work is also to evaluate ESEM's ability to provide a clean and reproducible environment for future study of nucleation and growth on atmospherically relevant nucleators such as materials of biological origin and inorganic materials. Hence, extensive information regarding potential ESEM beam damage and effect of impurities are discussed.

The Special Issue: Transmission and Detection of Food and Environmental Pathogens

To progress towards a full comprehension of the risk caused by pathogenic microorganisms transmitted via food and environmental routes, extensive information on the prevalence, the mechanisms of contamination, and the survival of pathogens is required, particularly to assist with the development of effective systems to reduce contamination, and to formulate procedural control measures, such as the implementation of food safety criteria [...]

A science mapping of studies on courtroom discourse with CiteSpace

The courtroom, as the most dramatic setting of legal language, is a rich linguistic domain for research; therefore, a science mapping study of the state of the art of this emerging field is of necessity. By CiteSpace V, the present study provides a comprehensive and up-to-date systematic review of the research on courtroom discourse, as presented by 379 article publications and their 10,538 references in the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection from 1979 to 2021. According to statistics on publications by year, it appears that courtroom discourse research has experienced a period of silence (1979–1992), followed by an emergent period (1993–2005), before entering a period of considerable growth since 2006. Weak cooperative networks, extensive information base, multiple research fronts, and dynamic hotspots of courtroom discourse research have been discovered. Courtroom discourse research focuses on three core topics: courtroom interpreting, the interaction between law, language, power, and ideology, and the investigation of courtroom trial structures. Linguistic communication issues are prominent in courtroom discourse. As far as courtroom subjects are concerned, there is an audience-oriented turn in the latest research front of courtroom discourse. The research hotspots have shifted from language ontology during the emergent period to consolidating and developing the theoretical foundations of courtroom discourse during the rapid development period. According to keyword clustering, stance studies and miscommunication research are significant research hotspots of courtroom discourse.

Privately Protected Areas: Missing Pieces of the Global Conservation Puzzle

Protected areas are an essential component of global conservation efforts. Although extensive information is available on the location of protected areas governed by governments, data on privately protected areas remain elusive at the global level. These are areas governed by private individuals and groups—ranging from families to religious institutions to companies—that meet IUCN's definition of a protected area: a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. As the world's governments prepare to adopt a new post-2020 global biodiversity framework to guide conservation over the next decade, we argue that, without complete data on privately protected areas, they do so without a vital piece of the puzzle.

ACADEMICIAN JUMANAZAR BAZARBAYEV AS THE FIRST PHILOSOPHER-SCIENTIST IN KARAKALPAKSTAN

This scientific article describes the research, deep thoughts and considerations of academician Jumanazar Bozorbaev as a philosopher in Karakalpakstan. At the same time, the academician provided extensive information on the formation of the first scientific and philosophical ideas in the Republic of Karakalpakstan and the results of their research work. The article also provides very good information about the initial philosophical views on the formation of the national idea and philosophical scientific work on the implementation of national development reforms in our country. The article also makes it clear that the pinnacle of human philosophy is human perfection. KEYWORDS: philosophy, knowledge, conscious, happiness, unconscious, mentality, pedagogy.