The Speech Code and the Physiology of Language

The striking down of the Stanford University Hate Speech Code on February 27, 1995 demonstrated the strong animus in U.S. First Amendment decisions against such codes. Judge Peter Stone, applying the U.S. Supreme Court decision in R.A.V. ruled, first, that the Stanford Code was too broad, and second, that the state cannot censor content by picking out some "fighting words" to prohibit. I argue that the moral basis for banning overbroad codes combines a nonconsequential emphasis on the value of liberty with a consequentialist analysis of what happens when liberty that should be protected is entangled in codes reflecting liberty that should not be protected. In contrast, the moral basis for content neutrality does not depend on consequentialist thinking, but shows that the very search for a moral basis for banning the purest acts of hateful speech logically makes the speech protected by elevating it to a viewpoint.

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Mommy and Me

Psychological Science ◽

10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01531.x ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 298-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 195

Author(s):

Heather Bortfeld ◽

James L. Morgan ◽

Roberta Michnick Golinkoff ◽

Karen Rathbun

Keyword(s):

Speech Code ◽

The Novel ◽

Head Turn ◽

Fluent Speech ◽

Speech Stream ◽

Young Infants

How do infants find the words in the tangle of speech that confronts them? The present study shows that by as early as 6 months of age, infants can already exploit highly familiar words—including, but not limited to, their own names—to segment and recognize adjoining, previously unfamiliar words from fluent speech. The head-turn preference procedure was used to familiarize babies with short passages in which a novel word was preceded by a familiar or a novel name. At test, babies recognized the word that followed the familiar name, but not the word that followed the novel name. This is the youngest age at which infants have been shown capable of segmenting fluent speech. Young infants have a powerful aid available to them for cracking the speech code. Their emerging familiarity with particular words, such as their own and other people's names, can provide initial anchors in the speech stream.

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Speech. Code, Meaning, and Communication.John W. Black , Wilbur E. Moore

The Quarterly Review of Biology ◽

10.1086/401471 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 239-240

Author(s):

William G. Hardy

Keyword(s):

Speech Code

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The categorical neural organization of speech aids its perception in noise

10.1101/652842 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gavin M. Bidelman ◽

Lauren C. Bush ◽

Alex M. Boudreaux

Keyword(s):

Categorical Perception ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Speech Code ◽

Phonetic Category ◽

Neural Responses ◽

Cocktail Party ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Brain Potentials ◽

Neural Organization ◽

Abstract Categories

ABSTRACTWe investigated whether the categorical perception (CP) of speech might also provide a mechanism that aids its perception in noise. We varied signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [clear, 0 dB, -5 dB] while listeners classified an acoustic-phonetic continuum (/u/ to /a/). Noise-related changes in behavioral categorization were only observed at the lowest SNR. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) differentiated phonetic vs. non-phonetic (category ambiguous) speech by the P2 wave (∼180-320 ms). Paralleling behavior, neural responses to speech with clear phonetic status (i.e., continuum endpoints) were largely invariant to noise, whereas responses to ambiguous tokens declined with decreasing SNR. Results demonstrate that phonetic speech representations are more resistant to degradation than corresponding acoustic representations. Findings suggest the mere process of binning speech sounds into categories provides a robust mechanism to aid perception at the “cocktail party” by fortifying abstract categories from the acoustic signal and making the speech code more resistant to external interferences.

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Alih Kode dan Campur Kode dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia

ESTETIK Jurnal Bahasa Indonesia ◽

10.29240/estetik.v4i1.2288 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Hizbi Naufal Azis ◽

Laili Etika Rahmawati

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Language Learning ◽

Code Switching ◽

Data Sources ◽

Speech Code ◽

Descriptive Data ◽

Code Mixing ◽

Speech Data ◽

Qualitative Descriptive ◽

Bahasa Indonesia

This study aims to describe the form of code switching and code mixing used in Indonesian language learning at SMP N 01 Limpung, Batang Regency. This research is included in qualitative descriptive. Data processing that examines code switching and code mixing is thus the data in this study in the form of oral data, namely, speech code switching and code mixing that exist in Indonesian language learning. The data sources came from Indonesian language students and teachers at SMP N 01 Limpung. Data collection techniques in this study used the observation and note technique. The first step, the researcher listens to the use of language in Indonesian language learning. Furthermore, the researcher recorded the speech data including code switching and code mixing. The results showed that the speech used when learning Indonesian at SMP N 01 Limpung included: (1) code switching from Indonesian to Javanese and (2) code switching from Javanese to Indonesian. The form of code mixing that occurs in Indonesian language learning is in the form of: (1) the form of code mixing in the form of word insertion, (2) code mixing in the form of phrases

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Giving Oral Expression “Free Rein”: Implications for Diversity of University Hate Speech Code

Ethnic Studies Review ◽

10.1525/esr.1997.20.1.25 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 25-39

Author(s):

Tim A. Pilgrim

Keyword(s):

Free Speech ◽

Political Correctness ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Hate Speech ◽

Alexis De Tocqueville ◽

Speech Code ◽

University Campus ◽

Oral Expression ◽

The Right ◽

The University

This paper uses history, law, and First Amendment theory to examine the concepts of political correctness, free speech, and hate speech in a search for a solution of how best to deal with hate speech incidents that occur in the university campus community. The paper notes the American tendency toward tyranny of the majority as noted by Alexis de Tocqueville in the 1830s and then proceeds to examine the double-edged sword of free speech. By guaranteeing freedom of speech we promote the right to shout down ethnic and other minority groups; by providing penalties against those who use it to shout others down we make society less free. This paper suggests a different answer: promote more speech expressed in community meetings conducted in an atmosphere that is safe and encouraging for all to express their views.

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