Codes Switching and Codes Mixing of Sellers and Buyers in Traditional Markets: Case Study of Market Kampong Asembagus Situbondo

The process of buying and selling communication in Asembagus Traditional Market often experiences language contact because the sellers and buyers come from several ethnicities who have different languages ​​and cultures. This study aims to determine the form of code-switching and code-mixing speech between sellers and buyers in Asembagus Market, Situbondo. The method used in data collection is the engaging listening method with the technique of recording, taking notes, interviews and descriptive qualitative approaches. The results showed that there were 12 forms of code switching speech and 10 speech code mixtures between sellers and buyers at Asembagus Situbondo Market Kampong. Master more than one language and speakers try to build an atmosphere of speech with mixed languages, while the functions of code-switching and code-mixing speech used by sellers and buyers at Pasar Kampong are to adjust the social context and to smooth and build the communication process of bargaining, transactions, and interactions.

Alih Kode dan Campur Kode dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia

This study aims to describe the form of code switching and code mixing used in Indonesian language learning at SMP N 01 Limpung, Batang Regency. This research is included in qualitative descriptive. Data processing that examines code switching and code mixing is thus the data in this study in the form of oral data, namely, speech code switching and code mixing that exist in Indonesian language learning. The data sources came from Indonesian language students and teachers at SMP N 01 Limpung. Data collection techniques in this study used the observation and note technique. The first step, the researcher listens to the use of language in Indonesian language learning. Furthermore, the researcher recorded the speech data including code switching and code mixing. The results showed that the speech used when learning Indonesian at SMP N 01 Limpung included: (1) code switching from Indonesian to Javanese and (2) code switching from Javanese to Indonesian. The form of code mixing that occurs in Indonesian language learning is in the form of: (1) the form of code mixing in the form of word insertion, (2) code mixing in the form of phrases

Seeking Gender Difference in Code-Switching by Investigating Mandarin-English Child Bilingual in Singapore

As a behavior of bilingual individuals and an indispensable part of bilingual speech, code-switching has been investigated by many researchers. However, there are many variables influencing code-switching, and each variable has the potential to be a confounding variable. Among these variables is the gender; however, whether there are significant gender differences and what are the gender differences in code-switching remains unknown for Mandarin Mandarin-English child bilinguals, as previous literature diverse on the existence of gender differences. Therefore, this paper seeks potential code-switching and distribution of code-switching by quantitative analysis of speech data in Singapore Bilingual Corpus. The results indicate that gender differences are significant in the amount of intra code-switching. However, neither considerable gender difference is observed in the amount of inter nor the code-switching related environment.

Komunikasi Antar Budaya Madura dan Yogyakarta (Studi Etnografi Adaptasi Speech Code Mahasiswa Madura pada Masyarakat Yogyakarta)

This research discusses the adaptation of speech code among Madurese students in Yogyakarta. Speech code adaptation involves intercultural communication; perception, verbal communication, and non-verbal communication. A qualitative method is employed in this study, using ethnographic approach as well as participant observation and in-depth interview. Speech code adaptation among Madurese students in Yogyakarta could be seen from their intonation, accent, expression, and gesture. Different background of these students has contributed to their different perception and the way they construct the foundation for the process of adaptation with native citizen in Yogyakarta. It is found in this study that students from Madura who live in Yogyakarta adapt their speech code in such manners as; assimilation, separation, integration, and cultural hybridity. Assimilation is used among them to equate the two cultures in a way to maintain their Madurese culture and their attachment to the new culture in Yogyakarta. Separation is the way used by Madurese students to subsist in their own culture, to minimize the interaction, and to their way to cluster themselves in their own culture. Integration is one option among them to keep their own culture in regards to speech code, while it enables them to interact with Yogyakarta people. Cultural hybridity is a way that Madurese students carry out negotiation and adaptation process to gain positive perception within the host culture of Yogyakarta.[Penelitian ini membahas adaptasi logat di kalangan mahasiswa Madura di Yogyakarta. Adaptasi logat melibatkan komunikasi antar budaya yaitu persepsi, komunikasi verbal, dan komunikasi non-verbal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnografi serta observasi partisipan dan wawancara yang intensif. Adaptasi logat di kalangan mahasiswa Madura di Yogyakarta dapat dilihat dari intonasi, akses, ekspresi dan gerak tubuh yang mereka gunakan. Latar belakang para mahasiswa yang berbeda turut membentuk persepsi mereka dan cara mereka dalam proses adaptasi dengan penduduk asli Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa mahasiswa yang berasal dari Madura di Yogyakarta mengadaptasi logat bicara dengan cara asimilasi, separasi, integrasi, dan hibrid budaya. Asimilasi dilakukan untuk menyamaratakan budaya yang berbeda dengan mempertahankan budaya Madura dan keterikatan mereka dengan budaya baru di Yogyakarta. Separasi adalah cara yang digunakan mahasiswa Madura ini untuk hidup dengan budaya mereka sendiri dan meminimalkan interaksi dengan cara mengelompokkan diri dengan teman sebudaya mereka sendiri. Integrasi adalah salah satu pilihan mereka untuk menjaga budaya mereka sendiri dalam hal logat dan memungkinkan mereka supaya dapat berinteraksi dengan masyarakat Yogyakarta. Hibrid budaya adalah cara mahasiswa Madura ini melakukan proses negoisasi dan adaptasi untuk memperoleh persepsi positif dalam kehidupan budaya tuan rumah yakni Yogyakarta.]

Penggunaan Bahasa Verbal pada Kelompok Suporter Sepakbola Indonesia (Studi Etnografi Komunikasi pada Suporter The Jak Mania)

Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana bahasa verbal dipergunakan oleh kelompok suporter The Jak Mania. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma konstruktivime dan teori speech code. Teori ini digunakan untuk menjawab tentang keberadaan kode bicara dalam kelompok suporter The Jak Mania yang memiliki ciri khas yang membedakannya dengan kelompok lain. Pendekatan yang digunakan kualitatif dan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data meggunakam: observasi partisipatif, wawancara mendalam, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa suporter The Jak Mania sesungguhnya tidak menciptakan bahasa atau kode khas secara resmi, tetapi bahasa atau kode khas itu dibentuk oleh para pendiri, ketua umum, leader dan anggota untuk mempermudah mereka dalam berkomunkasi, sehingga menjadi efektif. Bahasa atau kode khas itu sering digunakan dan bisa bertahan, karena mereka memahami maknanya yang telah disepakati bersama. Dalam membuat bahasa dan kode khas tersebut, suporter The Jak Mania membuatnya dengan makna yang kreatif, inovatif dan mempunyai nilai motivasi.

Evaluation of dialectal speech in PAPRŪSĖ region: investigation of Vištytis habitat in the beginning of the twenty-first century

Vištytis habitat belongs to the western part of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The border of East Prussia has been in this area, so these environs until are often called as paprūsė region. There is described location of Vištytis habitat in the Lithuanian dialect classification, specific features and dialectal attitudes of speakers in the beginning of the twenty-first century. The results of this research are discussed in comparing to other similar studies of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The investigation revealed that the speakers of Vištytis sub-dialect tend to consider local speech variant as standard Lithuanian language. The local speech was evaluated by the speakers as partially non-correct, but attractive. This attitude was mostly determined by aspects of intelligibility and conventionality of the local speech code. Evaluation of dialectal speech in Vištytis habitat for the most part coincides with common self–evaluation pattern of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The short linguistic distance to standard language, fairly high prestige of dialectal speech and the same language code in all linguistic situations are most representative characteristics of this pattern.

Remoh Madura in Cultural Communication Perspective

The communication code in the Remoh tradition is a form of communication that has special meaning. In this Remoh activity, there are lots of codes. One of them is when a member of Remoh arrives, he takes a weapon and it is a sickle, but he does not throw the sickle in its place, it is intended to generate a code to look like he will going to challenge the host of Remoh. In addition, guests who arrive first will be recorded by the reception guests to be called first by the host at the Shandur show as a form of respect for those concerned. This research uses Speech Code Theory, because this theory can be used to see the true meaning of the codes in the Remoh tradition.

The categorical neural organization of speech aids its perception in noise

ABSTRACTWe investigated whether the categorical perception (CP) of speech might also provide a mechanism that aids its perception in noise. We varied signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [clear, 0 dB, -5 dB] while listeners classified an acoustic-phonetic continuum (/u/ to /a/). Noise-related changes in behavioral categorization were only observed at the lowest SNR. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) differentiated phonetic vs. non-phonetic (category ambiguous) speech by the P2 wave (∼180-320 ms). Paralleling behavior, neural responses to speech with clear phonetic status (i.e., continuum endpoints) were largely invariant to noise, whereas responses to ambiguous tokens declined with decreasing SNR. Results demonstrate that phonetic speech representations are more resistant to degradation than corresponding acoustic representations. Findings suggest the mere process of binning speech sounds into categories provides a robust mechanism to aid perception at the “cocktail party” by fortifying abstract categories from the acoustic signal and making the speech code more resistant to external interferences.