Cell entry and membrane fusion of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) depend on its envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2. HCV pseudotyped particles (HCVpps) are relevant and popular models to study the early steps of the HCV life cycle. However, no structural characterization of HCVpp has been available so far. Using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), providing structural information at nanometric resolution, the molecular details of HCVpps and their fusion with liposomes were studied. Cryo-TEM revealed HCVpps as regular 100 nm spherical structures containing the dense retroviral nucleocapsid surrounded by a lipid bilayer. E1–E2 glycoproteins were not readily visible on the membrane surface. Pseudoparticles bearing the E1–E2 glycoproteins of Semliki forest virus looked similar, whereas avian influenza A virus (fowl plague virus) haemagglutinin/neuraminidase-pseudotyped particles exhibited surface spikes. To further characterize HCVpp structurally, a novel method was designed based on magnetic beads covered with anti-HCV antibodies to enrich the samples with particles containing E1–E2. This strategy efficiently sorted HCVpps, which were then directly observed by cryo-TEM in the presence or absence of liposomes at low or neutral pH. After acidification, HCVpps looked the same as at neutral pH and closely contacted the liposomes. These are the first visualizations of early HCV membrane fusion events at the nanometer scale. Furthermore, fluorimetry analysis revealed a relative resistance of HCVpps regarding their fusion capacity when exposed to low pH. This study therefore brings several new molecular details to HCVpp characterization and this efficient strategy of virion immunosorting with magnetic nanobeads is direct, efficient and adaptable to extensive characterization of any virus at a nanometric resolution.
Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Is a Direct Substrate of Casein Kinase I-α, a Cellular Kinase Identified by Inhibitor Affinity Chromatography Using Specific NS5A Hyperphosphorylation Inhibitors