Extraction and Analysis of Plant Water for Deuterium Isotope Measurement and Application to Field Experiments

2001 ◽  
pp. 37-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Turner ◽  
P. Farrington ◽  
V. Gailitis
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Isotope Measurement

The Biochar challenge in Mediterranean viticulture: results from 10 years of field experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Baronti ◽  
Anita Maienza ◽  
Fabrizio Ungaro ◽  
Antonio,Antonello Montagnoli ◽  
Lorenzo Genesio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Mediterranean Countries

<p>There are extensive reports and scientific articles in literature on the applicability of biochar as soil amendment in agriculture and on the benefits that this practice can bring in terms of soil improvement and optimization of water resources. The use of biochar as a soil amendment in agriculture is a suitable option that helps to mitigate the effects of climate change. Biochar has an approximate mean residence time in the soil over 1,000 years and this long-term stability is a fundamental prerequisite for considering biochar as a suitable method for carbon sequestration. Unfortunately, most literature provides results based on one-year trials. Not enough for a soil amendment to be able to claim effectiveness for many decades and not enough for a soil treatment to be considered irreversible. An effective option to fill this knowledge gap is represented by long-term field experiments. In this study, we investigated the effect of biochar application on plant water relations and soil properties during 10 years in a field experiment in Central Italy on Vitis vinifera. Biochar was applied at a rate of 22 t ha-1 in two consecutive growing seasons: 2009 and 2010. The results obtained during these years on biochar treatment compared to the control treatment are exciting: we demonstrated an increase in grape production, up to 66%, without a decrease of the grape quality, an increase in plant-soil water relations, no effects on the concentrations of soil PAHs, no eco-toxicity soil effect and a positive effect on soil chemical and biological parameters. Surprisingly, after 10 years the biochar effect continued to demonstrate significant differences among treatments, in particular: a significant increase of soil biological quality, decrease in soil bulk density coupled with a corresponding increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity, an enhance in soil available water content and a significant improvement of plant water status. The modification of plant water availability induced by biochar application increase the resilience of vineyards to droughts, as demonstrated by the lower leaf potential and higher stomatal conductance. This effect has a significant impact on quantity and quality of grape production after 10 years. Moreover, in the long-term perspective the biochar demonstrates to have an effect on soil biological communities that resulted sensitive to biochar with positive increase of abundance of species related to soil moisture content and enhance of biodiversity index. According to these results, the viticulture is now in the position to provide an effective contribution to mitigate climate change and we expect that this will be an example for other Mediterranean countries.</p>

scholarly journals Patterns of plant rehydration and growth following pulses of soil moisture availability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew F. Feldman ◽  
Daniel J. Short Gianotti ◽  
Alexandra G. Konings ◽  
Pierre Gentine ◽  
Dara Entekhabi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Individual Pulse ◽  
Initial Soil ◽  
Rain Pulses

Abstract. Plant hydraulic and photosynthetic responses to individual rain pulses are not well understood because pulse experiments are sparse. Understanding individual pulse responses would inform how rainfall intermittency impacts terrestrial biogeochemical cycles, especially in drylands which play a large role in global atmospheric carbon uptake interannual variability. Using satellite-based estimates of predawn plant and soil water content from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite, we quantify the timescales of plant water content increases following rainfall pulses, which we expect bear the signature of whole-plant mechanisms. In wetter regions, we find that plant water content increases rapidly and dries along with soil moisture, which we attribute to predawn soil-plant water potential equilibrium. Global drylands, by contrast, show multi-day plant water content increases after rain pulses. Shorter increases are more common following dry initial soil conditions. These are attributed to slow plant rehydration due to high plant resistances using a plant hydraulic model. Longer multi-day dryland plant water content increases are attributed to pulse-driven growth, following larger rain pulses and wetter initial soil conditions. These dryland responses reflect widespread drought recovery rehydration responses and individual pulse-driven growth responses, which supports isolated field experiments. The response dependence on moisture pulse characteristics also implies ecosystem sensitivity to intra-annual rainfall intensity and frequency, which are expected to shift in a future climate.

Physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to infection with Mycosphaerella graminicola causing Septoria tritici blotch

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cornish ◽  
PS Cornish ◽  
GR Baker ◽  
GR Baker ◽  
GM Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Mycosphaerella Graminicola ◽  
Septoria Tritici Blotch ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Plant Water Relations ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Area Index

Glasshouse and field experiments examined the physiological responses of wheat to infection with Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph Septoria tritici) with the main aim of elucidating the possible effect of a translocated toxin on plant water relations. It is concluded that infection with M. graminicola reduces water use and growth in well-watered, well-managed crops only if leaf area index is reduced below the value required for full interception of solar radiation. Where this occurs after anthesis, the lower rate of assimilation may be compensated by translocation of assimilates from stem to the grain and possibly by greater green leaf area duration. There was no evidence for effects of a translocated toxin on the measured parameters of plant water relations. The loss in yield in the field experiment is much less than in earlier studies with cvv. Robin and Heron and highlights the need for crop loss assessment in a wider range of years and with modern cultivars which are generally more resistant to M. graminicola than either Robin or Heron.

scholarly journals Patterns of plant rehydration and growth following pulses of soil moisture availability

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-847
Author(s):  
Andrew F. Feldman ◽  
Daniel J. Short Gianotti ◽  
Alexandra G. Konings ◽  
Pierre Gentine ◽  
Dara Entekhabi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Individual Pulse ◽  
Initial Soil ◽  
Rain Pulses

Abstract. Plant hydraulic and photosynthetic responses to individual rain pulses are not well understood because field experiments of pulse behavior are sparse. Understanding individual pulse responses would inform how rainfall intermittency impacts terrestrial biogeochemical cycles, especially in drylands, which play a large role in interannual global atmospheric carbon uptake variability. Using satellite-based estimates of predawn plant and soil water content from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite, we quantify the timescales of plant water content increases following rainfall pulses, which we expect bear the signature of whole-plant mechanisms. In wetter regions, we find that plant water content increases rapidly and dries along with soil moisture, which we attribute to predawn soil–plant water potential equilibrium. Global drylands, by contrast, show multi-day plant water content increases after rain pulses. Shorter increases are more common following dry initial soil conditions. These are attributed to slow plant rehydration due to high plant resistances using a plant hydraulic model. Longer multi-day dryland plant water content increases are attributed to pulse-driven growth, following larger rain pulses and wetter initial soil conditions. These dryland responses reflect widespread drought recovery rehydration responses and individual pulse-driven growth responses, as supported by previous isolated field experiments. The response dependence on moisture pulse characteristics, especially in drylands, also shows ecosystem sensitivity to intra-annual rainfall intensity and frequency, which are shifting with climate change.

Electron Microscopy of the Shape of Small Metal Particles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 300-301
Author(s):  
M. Jose Yacaman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Metal Particle ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Bragg Condition ◽  
Crystal Particle ◽  
Small Metal Particle ◽  
Small Metal Particles

In the Study of small metal particles the shape is a very Important parameter. Using electron microscopy Ino and Owaga(l) have studied the shape of twinned particles of gold. In that work electron diffraction and contrast (dark field) experiments were used to produce models of a crystal particle. In this work we report a method which can give direct information about the shape of an small metal particle in the amstrong- size range with high resolution. The diffraction pattern of a sample containing small metal particles contains in general several systematic and non- systematic reflections and a two-beam condition can not be used in practice. However a N-beam condition produces a reduced extinction distance. On the other hand if a beam is out of the bragg condition the effective extinction distance is even more reduced.

Successful field experiments: Getting in, getting the data, getting published

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Kochanowski ◽  
Charles F. Seifert ◽  
Gary A. Yukl ◽  
Dov Eden ◽  
Gary P. Latham
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments

Optimizing genotype-environment-management interactions to ensure silage maize production in the Chinese Maize Belt

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
L Zhang ◽  
Z Zhang ◽  
J Cao ◽  
Y Luo ◽  
Z Li
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Early Date ◽  
Environment Management ◽  
Silage Maize

Grain maize production exceeds the demand for grain maize in China. Methods for harvesting good-quality silage maize urgently need a theoretical basis and reference data in order to ensure its benefits to farmers. However, research on silage maize is limited, and very few studies have focused on its energetic value and quality. Here, we calibrated the CERES-Maize model for 24 cultivars with 93 field experiments and then performed a long-term (1980-2017) simulation to optimize genotype-environment-management (G-E-M) interactions in the 4 main agroecological zones across China. We found that CERES-Maize could reproduce the growth and development of maize well under various management and weather conditions with a phenology bias of <5 d and biomass relative root mean square error values of <5%. The simulated results showed that sowing long-growth-cycle cultivars approximately 10 d in advance could yield good-quality silage. The optimal sowing dates (from late May to July) and harvest dates (from early October to mid-November) gradually became later from north to south. A high-energy yield was expected when sowing at an early date and/or with late-maturing cultivars. We found that Northeast China and the North China Plain were potential silage maize growing areas, although these areas experienced a medium or even high frost risk. Southwestern maize experienced a low risk level, but the low soil fertility limited the attainable yield. The results of this paper provide information for designing an optimal G×E×M strategy to ensure silage maize production in the Chinese Maize Belt.

Mechanisms leading to recruitment inhibition of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera by an understory alga

2021 ◽  
Vol 657 ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
BA Beckley ◽  
MS Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Kelp Forest ◽  
Macrocystis Pyrifera ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Kelp Forests ◽  
Giant Kelp ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Survival And Growth

The forest-forming giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and the communities it supports have been decreasing across their native ranges in many parts of the world. The sudden removal of giant kelp canopies by storms increases space and light for the colonization by understory macroalgae, such as Desmarestia herbacea, which can inhibit M. pyrifera recovery and alter local community composition. Understanding the mechanisms by which algae such as D. herbacea interact with M. pyrifera can provide insight into patterns of kelp forest recovery following these disturbances and can aid in predicting future community structure. This study experimentally tested the independent and combined effects of two likely competitive mechanisms by which D. herbacea might inhibit recovery of M. pyrifera in the Point Loma kelp forest in San Diego, California (USA). Specifically, we conducted field experiments to study the individual and combined effects of shade and scour by D. herbacea on the survival of M. pyrifera microscopic life stages, and the recruitment, survival, and growth of its young sporophytes. Our results show that scour had the strongest negative effect on the survival of M. pyrifera microscopic life stages and recruitment, but shade and scour both adversely affected survival and growth of these sporophytes as they grew larger. Canopy-removing storms are increasing in frequency and intensity, and this change could facilitate the rise of understory species, like D. herbacea, which might alter community succession and recovery of kelp forests.

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