Socio-Economic Considerations for Decision-Making on GM Tree Cultivation

2016 ◽  
pp. 263-271
Author(s):  
Detlef Bartsch ◽  
Achim Gathmann ◽  
Valasia Iakovoglou ◽  
Jeremy Sweet
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic Considerations

scholarly journals Competing interests, clashing ideas and institutionalizing influence: insights into the political economy of malaria control from seven African countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Parkhurst ◽  
Ludovica Ghilardi ◽  
Jayne Webster ◽  
Robert W Snow ◽  
Caroline A Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Health Community ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Control Decision ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Economic Considerations

Abstract This article explores how malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa is shaped in important ways by political and economic considerations within the contexts of aid-recipient nations and the global health community. Malaria control is often assumed to be a technically driven exercise: the remit of public health experts and epidemiologists who utilize available data to select the most effective package of activities given available resources. Yet research conducted with national and international stakeholders shows how the realities of malaria control decision-making are often more nuanced. Hegemonic ideas and interests of global actors, as well as the national and global institutional arrangements through which malaria control is funded and implemented, can all influence how national actors respond to malaria. Results from qualitative interviews in seven malaria-endemic countries indicate that malaria decision-making is constrained or directed by multiple competing objectives, including a need to balance overarching global goals with local realities, as well as a need for National Malaria Control Programmes to manage and coordinate a range of non-state stakeholders who may divide up regions and tasks within countries. Finally, beyond the influence that political and economic concerns have over programmatic decisions and action, our analysis further finds that malaria control efforts have institutionalized systems, structures and processes that may have implications for local capacity development.

Governing for Health

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fran Baum
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fiscal Health ◽  
For Profit ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Public Decision

Governing for Health makes the argument that it is vital that governments and international agencies govern in the interests of protecting the environment and promoting human health and equity. A healthy society results from the organized efforts of every sector in society to promote health in all activities. The book examines how this can be done in the fiscal, health service, education, urban planning, environment, and local government sectors. It also promotes the crucial role of civil society in advocating for the health of people and the environment. The importance of the work of each sector to health is described, and the ways in which that work can be made more health promoting are examined. Each chapter contains practical examples of changes that can be made if governing for health is privileged. A key message of the book is that in the last decades economic considerations have come to dominate public decision-making so that governing for profit has been the single-minded aim of governments. The book argues passionately that new priorities are required that see all sectors governing for the needs of people and the environment rather than for short-term profits. The book also contains a chapter directed to politicians, suggesting a manifesto for well-being. It concludes by distilling the messages of the book into six central messages for governing for health, and ends with a plea that hope and courage should dominate decision-making.

The Moral Voter Hypothesis: Economic and Normative Aspects of Public Policy and Law within Democracies1

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Congleton
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Policy Positions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Normative Issues ◽  
Economic Considerations

Abstract This paper develops a model of self-interested norm-driven behavior and uses it to analyze public policy formation within a democracy. Many of the positive predictions of the moral voter hypothesis differ from those of narrow self-interested models of policy formation. For example, the model predicts that laws regulating conventional externalities will be more stringent (or less stringent) than can be justified by ordinary economic considerations whenever such laws affect behavior that is relevant for widely held normative theories. If voters are concerned with broad normative issues, politicians will take policy positions in part to advance voter interests in ‘virtue’ or ‘the public interest’ as voters assess it. Consequently, many of the laws adopted within a democracy will advance private normative agendas as understood by pivotal members of the electorate. In this sense, a ‘public interest’ interpretation of at least some government policies is entirely consistent with a rationalchoice- based analysis of decision making within a democracy. Criminal sentences for some crimes in the United States are consistent with the model's implications.

Twenty-five years of triptans – a nationwide population study

Cephalalgia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 033310242199180
Author(s):  
Olafur B Davidsson ◽  
Isa A Olofsson ◽  
Lisette JA Kogelman ◽  
Michael Asger Andersen ◽  
Klaus Rostgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Acute Treatment ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Medication Costs ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
Triptan Overuse ◽  
Economic Considerations

Background The efficacy of triptans as the main acute treatment strategy for migraine headache at the population-wide level needs to be understood to inform clinical decision-making. We summarise key trends in triptan use using more than 25 years of Danish nationwide data. Methods We conducted a nationwide register-based cohort study based on all Danish residents with access to public healthcare between 1 January 1994 and 31 October 2019 and summarise informative trends of all purchases of triptans in Denmark in the same period. Complete purchase records of Sumatriptan, Naratriptan, Zolmitriptan, Rizatriptan, Almotriptan, Eletriptan, and Frovatriptan were used. Findings Over a 25-year period, triptan use increased from 345 to 945 defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per year and the yearly prevalence of triptan use increased from 5.17 to 14.57 per 1000 inhabitants. Between 2014 and 2019, 12.3% of the Danish migraine population purchased a triptan. Following their initial purchase, 43% of patients had not repurchased triptans within 5 years. At most, 10% of patients indicating triptan discontinuation tried more than one triptan. The prevalence of triptan overuse, defined as having purchased at least 20 DDDs of triptans per month for 3 consecutive months, increased in parallel with the prevalence of triptan use, prevalent in 56 of every 1000 triptan users every year between 2014 and 2019. Interpretation In a cohort with access to free clinical consultations and low medication costs, we observed low rates of triptan adherence, likely due to disappointing efficacy and/or unpleasant side effects rather than economic considerations. Triptan success continues to be hindered by poor implementation of clinical guidelines and high rates of treatment discontinuance.

Managing replacement and culling in dairy herds

2021 ◽  
pp. 299-320
Author(s):  
Albert De Vries ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Replacement Decisions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Considerations

Approximately one third of dairy cows are replaced every year. Replacement of dairy cattle is an important part of the cost of dairy production and an environmental sustainability concern. Primary culling reasons are reduced health and fertility. Reduced welfare often proceeds culling. This chapter focuses on factors that affect replacement and culling in dairy herds with a focus on cows. The act of culling is simple, but the risk factors and economic considerations are complex. The chapter first presents some data on culling risks and reasons, explores more in depth the effects of poor health on culling, and presents aspects of economic decision making regarding culling and replacement decisions.

The Neurobiology of Trust and Social Decision-Making

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan B. Engelmann ◽  
Ernst Fehr
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Social Decisions ◽  
Social Decision Making ◽  
Economic Considerations

There is accumulating evidence suggesting that emotions can have a strong impact on social decision-making. However, the neural mechanisms of emotional influences on choice are less well understood to date. This chapter integrates recent results from two independent but related research streams in social neuroeconomics and social neuroscience, which together identify the neural mechanisms involved in the influences of emotions on social choice. Specifically, research in social neuroeconomics has shown that social decisions, such as trust-taking, involve commonly ignored emotional considerations in addition to economic considerations related to payouts. These results are paralleled by recent findings in social neuroscience that underline the role of emotions in social interactions. Because anticipatory emotions associated with social approval and rejection can have important, but often ignored, influences on social choices the integration of emotions into theories of social decision-making is necessary.

Socio-Economic Considerations in Clinical Decision Making

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
S. Herring ◽  
J. Press ◽  
K. Speer ◽  
P. Wolin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Economic Considerations
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