A model for evidence-based learning is presented, consisting of a series of steps: observation, insight, learning, action assignment, validation, and change. This model is applied at a number of different scales within the oil sector. Firstly, team learning uses After Action Reviews to learn within project teams. Discussions take place within the team, and any changes are to team processes. A more complex form of learning is learning from one project to another, using facilitated lessons-identification meetings. Lessons are collected, actions are assigned, and changes made to organizational processes. Finally, in analyses of major incidents, an investigation team is tasked with collecting observations, insights, learnings, and even recommendations for action. The same workflow and the same development process can be seen for lessons, but the degree of rigor and the attention to governance varies.
Conducting After-Action Reviews and Retrospects