Parthenin and Its Similar Structure as Potential Lead Inhibitors of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum Lactate Dehydrogenase

2019 ◽  
pp. 565-577
Author(s):  
Pushpendra Singh ◽  
Prem P. Kushwaha ◽  
Shashank Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Lead Inhibitors

scholarly journals Missed Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Mixed Infections in Ethiopia Threaten Malaria Elimination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Leonard ◽  
Hussein Mohammed ◽  
Mekonnen Tadesse ◽  
Jessica N. McCaffery ◽  
Doug Nace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Efficacy Study ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are co-endemic in Ethiopia. This study investigated whether mixed infections were missed by microscopy from a 2017 therapeutic efficacy study at two health facilities in Ethiopia. All patients (N = 304) were initially classified as having single-species P. falciparum (n = 148 samples) or P. vivax infections (n = 156). Dried blood spots were tested for Plasmodium antigens by bead-based multiplex assay for pan-Plasmodium aldolase, pan-Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase, P. vivax lactate dehydrogenase, and histidine-rich protein 2. Of 304 blood samples, 13 (4.3%) contained both P. falciparum and P. vivax antigens and were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for species-specific DNA. Of these 13 samples, five were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction for P. falciparum/P. vivax co-infection. One sample, initially classified as P. vivax by microscopy, was found to only have Plasmodium ovale DNA. Plasmodium falciparum/P. vivax mixed infections can be missed by microscopy even in the context of a therapeutic efficacy study with multiple trained readers.

scholarly journals Widespread zoophagy and detection of Plasmodium spp. in Anopheles mosquitoes in southeastern Madagascar

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Micaela Finney ◽  
Benjamin A. McKenzie ◽  
Bernadette Rabaovola ◽  
Alice Sutcliffe ◽  
Ellen Dotson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Habitat Gradient ◽  
Blood Meals ◽  
Feeding Behaviours ◽  
Southeastern Madagascar

Abstract Background Malaria is a top cause of mortality on the island nation of Madagascar, where many rural communities rely on subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Understanding feeding behaviours of Anopheles in this landscape is crucial for optimizing malaria control and prevention strategies. Previous studies in southeastern Madagascar have shown that Anopheles mosquitoes are more frequently captured within 50 m of livestock. However, it remains unknown whether these mosquitoes preferentially feed on livestock. Here, mosquito blood meal sources and Plasmodium sporozoite rates were determined to evaluate patterns of feeding behaviour in Anopheles spp. and malaria transmission in southeastern Madagascar. Methods Across a habitat gradient in southeastern Madagascar 7762 female Anopheles spp. mosquitoes were collected. Of the captured mosquitoes, 492 were visibly blood fed and morphologically identifiable, and a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to test for swine, cattle, chicken, human, and dog blood among these specimens. Host species identification was confirmed for multiple blood meals using PCR along with Sanger sequencing. Additionally, 1,607 Anopheles spp. were screened for the presence of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax-210, and P. vivax 247 circumsporozoites (cs) by ELISA. Results Cattle and swine accounted, respectively, for 51% and 41% of all blood meals, with the remaining 8% split between domesticated animals and humans. Of the 1,607 Anopheles spp. screened for Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax 210, and Plasmodium vivax 247 cs-protein, 45 tested positive, the most prevalent being P. vivax 247, followed by P. vivax 210 and P. falciparum. Both variants of P. vivax were observed in secondary vectors, including Anopheles squamosus/cydippis, Anopheles coustani, and unknown Anopheles spp. Furthermore, evidence of coinfection of P. falciparum and P. vivax 210 in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) was found. Conclusions Here, feeding behaviour of Anopheles spp. mosquitoes in southeastern Madagascar was evaluated, in a livestock rich landscape. These findings suggest largely zoophagic feeding behaviors of Anopheles spp., including An. gambiae s.l. and presence of both P. vivax and P. falciparum sporozoites in Anopheles spp. A discordance between P. vivax reports in mosquitoes and humans exists, suggesting high prevalence of P. vivax circulating in vectors in the ecosystem despite low reports of clinical vivax malaria in humans in Madagascar. Vector surveillance of P. vivax may be relevant to malaria control and elimination efforts in Madagascar. At present, the high proportion of livestock blood meals in Madagascar may play a role in buffering (zooprophylaxis) or amplifying (zoopotentiation) the impacts of malaria. With malaria vector control efforts focused on indoor feeding behaviours, complementary approaches, such as endectocide-aided vector control in livestock may be an effective strategy for malaria reduction in Madagascar.

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