scholarly journals Conclusion and Policy Implications

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
Naoto Jinji ◽  
Xingyuan Zhang ◽  
Shoji Haruna
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The People ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Partnership Agreement ◽  
United States Mexico

AbstractAfter about a quarter century of countries having pursued deep regional integration through negotiating on deep regional trade agreements (RTAs), we observed a number of historical events that symbolize the curbing of the trend of globalization in 2016. On June 24, 2016, the people of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union (EU) in a referendum. On November 8, 2016, Mr. Donald Trump, who proposed the “America First” policy and a number of protectionist policies, such as the withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement and the construction of a substantial wall on the United States–Mexico border, during his presidential campaign, won the US presidential election.

scholarly journals A Really Big Button That Doesn’t Do Anything? The Anti-NME Clause in US Trade Agreements Between Law and Geoeconomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64
Author(s):  
Geraldo Vidigal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Us ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
Legal Consequences

Abstract The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) features a clause, dubbed ‘anti-China’, which sets out legal consequences in case one of the parties negotiates or enters into a free trade agreement (FTA) with a nonmarket economy (NME). A similarly worded objective appears among the negotiating objectives of the US for FTAs with the European Union, Japan, and the United Kingdom. This article examines the anti-NME clause, arguing that its concrete legal consequences are less relevant than its symbolic effects. The USMCA clause itself is difficult to replicate in bilateral agreements, since it depends on cooperation between the two nonsigning parties. Its operation is nonetheless similar to that of two unilateral remedies available under the law of treaties, permitting a reasonable assessment that the clause, if it follows its original design, will aim to permit termination of bilateral US FTAs in response to the other party entering into an NME FTA. While such a clause would offer little in terms of concrete effects if added to agreements that already permit unilateral withdrawal, its greatest value may not be in its legal effects but in its legitimating and signaling properties, which push USMCA parties to establish a common front in the ‘geoeconomic’ dispute between the United States and China.

scholarly journals Merger Regulation in Eastern and Southern Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Angwenyi
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Merger Regulation ◽  
Small Market ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa ◽  
Regulation Approach

The socio-economic and political characteristics of the Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) jurisdictions call for a different approach to competition policy. Competition Policy in the ESA context draws one’s mind to three major themes: development, small market economies and regional integration. This is against a backdrop of other socio-economic and political factors that led to the adoption of competition policies in ESA. Through a comparative assessment of merger review in the European Union, the United States, South Africa, the United Kingdom and ESA, this book seeks to reveal whether or not the merger regulation approach in ESA is optimal and to what extent the approach can be optimised.

The Law & Politics of Brexit

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The People ◽  
Successful Experiment ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Eu

The decision by the people of the United Kingdom (UK) to vote in a referendum on 23 June 2016 to leave the European Union (EU) has produced shock-waves across Europe and the world. While the Treaty on European Union explicitly allows a Member State to withdraw from the Union, no country thus far had ever decided to secede from what is arguably the most successful experiment in regional integration in history. Brexit, therefore, calls into question consolidated assumptions on the finality of the EU, and simultaneously opens new challenges—not only in the institutional fabric of Europe, but also in the UK constitutional settlement, eg in Northern Ireland and Scotland. This book provides a first comprehensive analysis of the challenges posed by Brexit, their causes, and their consequences. By combining the contributions of lawyers, political scientists, and political economists from across Europe, the book seeks to shed light on the manifold and complicated effects that Brexit creates—in the UK, and its internal constitutional settlement, as well as in the EU, and its institutional regime. While many uncertainties still surround the process of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU, so much is already on the table: this book thus avoids speculation and focuses instead on the many and difficult political, legal, and economic issues that Brexit exposed.

scholarly journals Cooperation and Coopetition as a Tools Which Could Improve Leading Startups all over the World

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Aneta Ejsmont
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Good News ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Foreign Sale ◽  
The Moment

Building own business is a long-term and laborious process. A person who leads a startup tries to start with building own business by taking first steps toward financial independence. Analyzing conditions in Poland, on average every second startup sells its services abroad, admittedly it is good news, although half of them do not export at all. Half of the startups which export their services and goods generates more than 50% of their revenues outside Poland. Very interesting is the fact that 60% of exporters have conducted their foreign sale since the moment of establishing their business. On which markets do they sell their services? It turns out that the most popular are markets in the European Union (54%), including the United Kingdom 14% and Germany 9%. Only about 25% of Polish startups exports their products and services to the United States. Taking the United States into consideration, in 2008 the USA lost their leading position in the number of startups which are newly created and achieving success in business. Currently in terms of the number of new startups the USA is on a quite distant place after Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Hungary, New Zealand, Israel or Italy. In short, more companies were closed than created, so it was, as a matter of fact, like in Poland. Therefore, the condition to improve the development of startups both from Poland and other countries all the world is to increase cooperation and coopetition.

scholarly journals Two Grand Old Ladies Face to Face: The United Kingdom and the United States of America Constitutions Compared

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Patrono ◽  
Justin O Frosini
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Parliamentary Sovereignty

This article discusses the Constitution of the United Kingdom and then draws some comparisons between it and the Constitution of the United States of America. It touches on issues such as how the United Kingdom's commitment to parliamentary sovereignty has been affected by the country's relationship with the European Union.

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