Low-Temperature Operation: Impact of Cold Temperature on Euro 6 Passenger Car Emissions

2022 ◽  
pp. 543-554
Author(s):  
P. A. Lakshminarayanan
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Passenger Car

scholarly journals Impact of cold temperature on Euro 6 passenger car emissions

2018 ◽  
Vol 234 ◽  
pp. 318-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa ◽  
Covadonga Astorga
Keyword(s):  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Passenger Car

Study of Test Site Construction for Passenger Car Working in Low Temperature

2011 ◽  
Vol 418-420 ◽  
pp. 2255-2259
Author(s):  
Chen Mi ◽  
Da Ming Han ◽  
Xin Hong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Temperature Environment ◽  
Business Requirements ◽  
Temperature Test

With the development of the automobile manufacture level in our country, it’s necessary to carry out the tests for whole vehicle or parts. At present, in China, only a few venues can provide the conditions for automotive testing, and all the test sites are at normal temperature. Therefore, the construction of low-temperature environment test site has become imminent. According to the survey, Heihe and Bei’an of Heilongjiang in China have established low-temperature test site spontaneously, but the test site are based on business requirements for each test, and there are no unified planning. So, how to build a rational, scientific, economic low-temperature test site, has become the focus of our research.

A Low Temperature-Gradient Bar for Seed Germination Studies

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond A. Evans ◽  
James A. Young ◽  
Robert Henkel ◽  
Gerard J. Klomp
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Petri Dishes

A relatively inexpensive, cold-temperature germination bar was constructed. The optimum temperature gradient of the bar for our low-temperature seed germination studies ranged from −4 to 11 C. An independent compressor and a chest-type deep freeze were compared for cooling sources. Alumnium foil Petri dishes were developed for use on the bar.

scholarly journals Phenology and Winter Hardiness of Cold-climate Grape Cultivars and Advanced Selections in Iowa Climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 906-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Schrader ◽  
Diana R. Cochran ◽  
Paul A. Domoto ◽  
Gail R. Nonnecke
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Heat Accumulation ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Damage ◽  
Grape Cultivars

The popularity of grape (Vitis sp.) and wine production in the upper midwest region of the United States is increasing steadily. The development of several cold-climate, interspecific-hybrid grape cultivars (northern hybrids) since the 1980s has improved the probability of success for both new and established vineyards in this area of the country, but long-term data describing the performance of these cultivars in midwestern U.S. climates are needed to both aid growers in their choice of cultivars and to provide them with information about factors important in their management. We characterized the long-term winterhardiness and annual phenology of 12 cold-climate northern hybrid grape cultivars (two established cultivars, five newer cultivars, and five advanced selections) grown in a randomized and replicated field plot in central Iowa, an area that offers a warm growing season and very cold dormant season for grape culture. The established cultivars included in the study were Frontenac and St. Croix. The newer cultivars evaluated were Arandell, Corot noir, La Crescent, Marquette, and Petit Ami, and the advanced selections were MN 1189, MN 1200, MN 1220, MN 1235, and MN 1258. The grape trial was established in 2008, and vines were evaluated from 2011 through 2017 for annual timing of budbreak, bloom, veraison, and harvest, as well as winter survival of vines and primary buds. As a group, the northern hybrids in our trial showed good winterhardiness of vines but variable hardiness of primary buds across the six winters, which ranged from warmer than average to much colder than average. In Iowa climate, buds of northern hybrids were generally most vulnerable to cold temperature damage from late-winter (March) low-temperature events or from extreme midwinter low-temperature events. The bud hardiness of individual cultivars ranged from very hardy (Frontenac, Marquette, and MN 1235) to poor hardiness (Arandell, Corot noir, Petit Ami, and MN 1189), with all 12 cultivars showing good bud survival during Iowa winters that were warmer than average, but the less-hardy cultivars showing poor bud survival during winters that were colder than average. Evaluations of phenology revealed that heat accumulation measured in growing degree days with a threshold of 50 °F was not a reliable index for predicting the timing of annual developmental stages for the cultivars we tested. Our results indicate that northern hybrids rely on other factors in addition to heat accumulation for guiding annual development, and that factors such as photoperiod likely have a strong influence on phenological timing during seasons with unusual weather patterns. We determined that none of the cultivars were vulnerable to cold temperature damage to fruit before harvest in Iowa’s climate, but that three of the cultivars (Arandell, Marquette, and MN 1235) were highly vulnerable to shoot damage from spring freeze events, and four others (Corot noir, La Crescent, MN 1200, and MN 1220) were moderately vulnerable to cold damage to shoots in spring. An itemized summary of the relative hardiness, vulnerabilities, and timing of phenological stages of the 12 cultivars is provided to aid growers in selection and management of grape cultivars for Iowa climate. Based on hardiness and phenology, four of these cultivars (Frontenac, MN 1258, MN 1220, and MN 1200) have the lowest risk of issues related to cold temperatures.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Benomyl and Methyl 2-Benzimidazole Carbamate in Product Formulations by a Low Temperature-Solubilization Technique

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-493
Author(s):  
Mikio Chiba
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Spectrophotometric Determination ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Solvent Mixture ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Simple Equation ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Diluted Solution

Abstract A rapid spectrophotometric method has been developed to determine benomyl (methyl l-(butylcarbamoyl)- 2-benzimidazole carbamate) and methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) simultaneously in wettable powder formulations by solubilizing all the ingredients in a special solvent mixture. A special solvent mixture consisting of chloroform, dioxane, and water was prepared at room temperature; the mixture was cooled to 1°C and used to dissolve samples. The degradation of benomyl, unavoidable at 25°C, was eliminated by this cold temperature operation. Absorbance of the diluted solution was measured at 294 and 286 nm in a ratiorecording spectrophotometer, and individual concentrations of benomyl and MBC were calculated by a simple equation. An alternative method has been suggested for users of nonautomatic scanning spectrophotometers. re-Butyl isocyanate was used to stabilize benomyl in standard solutions and to re-form benomyl from MBC. Analyses were conducted on Benlate® 50% WP and Benlate® 10% WP mixed with captan 50%. Most 50% WP formulations contained 50-55% intact benomyl and 0.4-2.3% MBC. Benomyl was stable in those WP formulations, although both time and conditions of storage varied significantly. Most 10% WP samples contained 8–12% benomyl and 0.1–2.9% MBC.

scholarly journals Biochemical Changes in Jackfruit Pulp as Affected by Cold Temperature

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mortuza ◽  
SU Talukder ◽  
MR Haque
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Ph Values

Biochemical changes of three types of jackfruit pulp stored at low temperature were analyzed to make prediction whether the pulp could be made available year round by means of cold temperature treatment. Extracted fruit juice was stored at about - 200C and the analysis was carried out at 0 day, 30 day, 60 day, 90 day, 180 day and 270 day of storage period. The results show that there are significant changes in the chemical properties of jackfruit pulp during storage. Carotene and vitamin C content decreased gradually for all the varieties up to 270 days of storage period. TSS content increased slightly during storage. Total, reducing and non-reducing sugar contents were almost stable throughout the storage period. TA for all the varieties decreased and pH values increased.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v7i2.22215 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 7(2): 93-97 2014

Performance Test Specification for Passenger Car in Low Temperature

2011 ◽  
Vol 418-420 ◽  
pp. 2272-2277
Author(s):  
Chen Mi ◽  
Da Ming Han
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Mechanical Parts ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Technical Content ◽  
Test Specification ◽  
The Development Trend

The study of this article focus on the standards on the working limit of the passenger car. The standards for passenger cars at low temperature were studied and proposed by combination of the technical content in cold regions’ environments and the development trend in the domestic and international situation. The proposed standards can improve the service life of mechanical parts, reduce wear and failure of passenger cars and improve the passenger's power, economy and security. In the industry standardization and the objective requirements of relevant standards, this proposed standards are the basis to ensure fair competition in international trade, maintain the normal order of market and make up a communication bridge among the international economic cooperations. Maintain maximum benifit of the China's auto industry in the internationality. The emphases of the standards is to establish standards for low temperature environment laboratory, draw our own standards on product characteristics and screening standards system in line with China's actual conditions.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON YIELDS AND HYDROLYZABLE CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT OF ALFALFA AND TIMOTHY SEEDLINGS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dermine ◽  
M. Hidiroglou ◽  
H. A. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Cold Period ◽  
Warm Temperature ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Alfalfa and timothy seedlings were exposed to four temperature treatments, simulating conditions in an average growing season in northern Ontario. Highest yields were recorded under continuous warm temperature (26.7 °C day, 15.6 °C night) and the lowest under continuous cold temperature (15.6 °C day, 4.4 °C night). Warm temperature conditions followed by a cold period decreased growth rate, the effect being more severe on alfalfa than on timothy. Growth was slower at first for timothy than for alfalfa, but timothy growth rate eventually exceeded that of alfalfa.Alfalfa root weights showed a strong dependence on temperature and were closely related to herbage yields. Timothy root weights demonstrated a smaller reaction to temperature and little relationship with herbage production. Shoot: root ratios were higher in timothy than in alfalfa but showed no consistent relationship with temperature.Timothy had a higher hydrolyzable-sugar content than alfalfa. Continuous low temperature resulted in the lowest sugar content in both species, but exposure to low temperature following a warm period gave the highest content.

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