scholarly journals What is Happiness? Why is Happiness Important?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yew-Kwang Ng
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Psychology And Economics ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe (net) happiness (or welfare) of an individual is the excess of her positive affective feelings over negative ones. This subjective definition of happiness is more consistent with common usage and analytically more useful. Over the past century or so, both psychology and economics has gone through the anti-subjectivism revolution (behaviorism in psychology and ordinalism in economics) but has come back to largely accept subjectivism (cognitive psychology and recent interest of economists on happiness issues).

Borders, Ideology, Geography and Maps – The Case of Israel

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Perlman
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Geographic Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
Israeli Government ◽  
Political Boundaries ◽  
Mental Mapping ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Education Support

Although there are dozens of countries with present day border disputes, few have received such unrelenting international focus as Israel. Maps, cartography and geographic education support the developing doctrine of national boundaries that form collective national identity and ideology. Geographically, throughout the past century, the borders of Israel have become a melding of the phenomena of national identity with physical territory – also referred to as territorial socialization. My paper argues that Israel’s use of geographic description of borders specifically through cartography over time is an example of how boundaries are a powerful tool in the naturalization of ideology of Jewish Israelis. This argument is analyzed by examining historical and biblical cartography, territorial evolution, geography curriculum and textbooks, the Atlas of Israel and mental mapping by citizens. Varying portrayals of Israel’s historical, biblical, natural and political boundaries creates an ambiguous definition of Israel’s borders for citizens. In turn, this importantly shapes the present day religious and seculargeographies of the population of Israel as well as the political behaviours by the democratically representative Israeli government.

scholarly journals Good offices: grasping the place of law in conflict

Legal Studies ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aoife O'Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes ◽  
Violent Conflicts

In the pantheon of approaches open to participants in the pacific settlement of disputes, good offices holds a noteworthy place. The evolution of good offices over the past century is concurrent with a trend of considerable transformation within international law, including – amongst other changes – a move away from a state-led legal order, including in good offices following the emergence of the heads of international organisations as its prime users, and a process of legalisation and specialisation within the subject that has entirely altered its character. These changes have led to a redefinition of good offices that stresses the actor carrying out the role above the form that it takes. To accompany these changes in practice, there is a need for a transformation in the legal analysis and definition of good offices. One potential option in achieving this end is Bell'slex pacificatoria. If good offices is to continue to play a significant role in the settlement of violent conflicts, a fully developed legal analysis is necessary to grasp both its historical development and its potential future role.

scholarly journals Marriage in Cinema

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-35
Author(s):  
Priju Varghese
Keyword(s):  
Motion Pictures ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

Marriage is a topic that has been dealt by Hollywood since the beginning of motion pictures. Even though the subject of marriage seems to be banal, there is a wide diversity in how people lead their married lives. Factors such as culture, religion, education, and history have major influences on the perception and definition of marriage. Hollywood, which has always been deft to notice the evolution in marriage, has accurately portrayed them through the use of movies. Through this paper, the researcher intends to chart the development in the concept of marriage through cinema over the past century.

Preservation Paradigms and Tropical Rain Forests

Last Stand ◽  
1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall A. Kramer ◽  
Carel P. van Schaik
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
The Past ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Definition Of

Tropical rain forests are disappearing rapidly as a result of increasing human encroachment. During the past century, tropical rain forests have been reduced to about half of their original area. And the rate of deforestation is accelerating, fueled by population growth in developing countries and resource demands in the developed countries. The remaining forests are subject to increasingly intensive human use. Deforestation, fragmentation, and exploitation cause a plethora of problems, including soil erosion; siltation of rivers, lakes, and estuaries; increased flooding and droughts; release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere; and loss of species. In recent years, these problems have become the subject of international concern. This book focuses on the loss of biodiversity in tropical rain forests and on the role of protected areas in stemming the loss. This chapter examines the meaning of biodiversity and the history of the park movement in the tropics. What began as protection of habitat through the exclusion of people has transformed into sustainable use of biological resources. This new emphasis provides local control of important resources and greater income, but does it conserve habitat and species? We will argue that a renewed focus on protected areas as the primary storehouse of biodiversity is needed. We will also make the case for a focus on the tropical rain forest biome and will conclude with an overview of the rest of the book. In its strict sense, biodiversity refers to the “variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur” (Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 1987:3). This definition can be extended both downward to cover genetic variability within a species and upward to include habitat and ecosystem diversity. practical terms, however, biodiversity is most profitably expressed as species diversity (weighted for rarity, endemism, and taxonomic distinctiveness, if necessary) at the landscape level (see chapter 6). We adopt this definition of biodiversity. During the past few years, attempts to link rain forest protection with sustainable development have led to a noticeable expansion of the meaning of the phrase “biodiversity conservation.”

A Chronology Of The Definition Of Marketing

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J. Brunswick
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Business Practice ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Marketing Literature ◽  
Important Resource ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Development And Evolution

As a variety of marketing environmental factors have changed and evolved over the past century, so has the definition(s) of marketing. The author provides a chronological listing of the various (and popular) definitions of marketing that have been used in the marketing literature over the past 100 years. The contents of the manuscript represent an important resource for marketing students, faculty, and practitioners in developing a richer understanding of the development and evolution of marketing as both an academic discipline and a business practice.

Abuses and Misuses of Intelligence Tests: Facts and Misconceptions

Pseudoscience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Benisz ◽  
John O. Willis ◽  
Ron Dumont
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Intelligence Test ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Brain Training ◽  
Theories Of Intelligence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Intelligence Test Scores ◽  
True Definition

Although the term IQ is widely used in popular culture, the true definition of intelligence and how it is measured is misunderstood. We provide an overview of how the construct of intelligence and its measurement have evolved over the past century. Several of the most popular theories of intelligence as well as the controversy over the genetic basis of intelligence are reviewed. We also discuss some of the historical and contemporary misuses of intelligence test scores including some pseudoscientific applications of those scores. Some of the claims of brain training companies are debunked as are the validity of online IQ tests.

The life cycle of Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): what do we know?

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.V. Lainé ◽  
D.J. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
French Literature ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Standard Terminology ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe subterranean termites in the genus Reticulitermes have a complex and plastic life cycle, which has been the subject of a number of publications over the past century. Given the inherent difficulties in studying such cryptic, eusocial organisms it is not perhaps surprising that the literature on their biology has failed to reach a consensus. An overview of the literature is given, which is followed by a discussion of the various theories on the life cycle of Reticulitermes spp. A substantial proportion of the review focuses on the French literature, which constitutes the majority of the primary sources and can be difficult to access. There are many discrepancies in the literature in terms of the number of instars, the definition of workers and the question of whether they should be termed pseudergates or, potentially, an additional terminology used to differentiate between pseudergates and the true workers seen in the higher termites (Isoptera: Termitidae). It remains very difficult to compare publications as there is little conformity; a problem that is aggravated by a general absence of drawings of the relevant instars. Further work on the biology of Reticulitermes is clearly required. There is also a need for researchers to agree on a standard terminology for this genus. A glossary is provided for the various synonyms and definitions.

Gifted and Talented Children

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gifted And Talented ◽  
Gifted Education ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Gifted Learners ◽  
The Past ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Children Of Promise ◽  
Definition Of

Scholarship about gifted children is relatively recent when compared to other topics in education, but the existence of gifted children is not new. Curiosity about children with unique gifts and talents goes back thousands of years to early Chinese dynasties. It should be noted that the word gifted is often fraught with confusion and concern about what exactly is a gifted child and what terminology should be used. Whether we use the terms highly capable, high ability, gifted and talented, children of promise, high potential, or talented children, we have an intrinsic understanding of who we mean by “gifted children.” Nomenclature aside, when we speak about gifted children, most often we are referring to children who demonstrate advanced abilities or development and learn more quickly than their age-related peers. As indicated in the Definitions and Conceptions of Giftedness section of this chapter, there is no agreed-upon definition of giftedness. The study of gifted children and how to accommodate their cognitive and affective needs has increased in the past century, beginning when Lewis Terman began his study of children who scored in the top ranges of his test, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, a translation of Frenchman Albert Binet’s test. In the decades since, people have continued to debate what terminology should be used when referring to children who score well on cognitive measures, to determine the most salient characteristics and traits of these children, and to discuss the schooling most appropriate for them. The majority of the scholarship about gifted children and their education has occurred in the past forty-plus years. This is evidenced by the fact that the first issues of three major journals in the field were printed in 1978. Although not everyone would agree, it appears a paradigm shift in the field of gifted education is occurring, because we see more articles and research focused on a broadened conception of giftedness and discussions about intelligence not being a fixed trait. We see more discussions about using local norms rather than national norms on assessments used for identification. And we see more attention being devoted to recognizing and addressing the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse, gifted learners. The field of gifted education is evolving and readers should “stay tuned.”

scholarly journals Graffiti on bridges

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 051-060
Author(s):  
Sławomir Karaś ◽  
Maciej Kowal ◽  
Anna Leniak-Tomczyk
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artistic Expression ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Illegal Activity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Negative Impression ◽  
Made In

The article dealt with a problem of graffiti on bridges. Graffiti can be perceived as a form of artistic expression. Two historical examples of graffiti, one from antiquity times and the other one from the forties of the past century were presented. An attempt was made in order to define the graffiti on the basis of the analysis of the Lublin’s graffiti culture The obtained descriptive characteristic/definition of graffiti indicates stable, independent and even illegal activity which seems to be impossible to be constricted. The graffiti was examined on the example of Santiago Calatrava bridges. On the basis of simple statistical method, which was applied, the groups of students assessed the displayed graffiti on bridges by answering the questions by means of 1/0 estimation (positive/negative impression). The reliable results were obtained. It was concluded that some graffiti on bridges can optionally be accepted and therefore can be remained as a result of rational judgement of the artistic expression.

Definition of the hydrogen bond (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)

2011 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 1637-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elangannan Arunan ◽  
Gautam R. Desiraju ◽  
Roger A. Klein ◽  
Joanna Sadlej ◽  
Steve Scheiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Experimental Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of

A novel definition for the hydrogen bond is recommended here. It takes into account the theoretical and experimental knowledge acquired over the past century. This definition insists on some evidence. Six criteria are listed that could be used as evidence for the presence of a hydrogen bond.

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