Survey of avifauna housed in the wild animal triage centers in the state of Bahia, period 2009 to 2019, emphasizing trafficking

ABSTRACT: Brazil is one of the primary suppliers of wildlife for trafficking, which constitutes a significant threat to biodiversity, which can cause the extinction of species, especially birds, the most important victims of trafficking. This study analyzed the wild avifauna collected in the Triage Centers of Wild Animals (CETAS) of Bahia, to inventory the most apprehended species that are threatened with extinction, and estimate the municipalities that function as suppliers and traders of wildlife. Data from 2009 to 2019 were made available by the Salvador and Vitoria da Conquista units, and that from 2010 to 2016 was made available by the, Porto Seguro unit. The survey was conducted through the entry records of birds, considering apprehension, spontaneous deliveries, rescues, and transfers between units involved in the study. Out of the total 80,948 birds analyzed, 65,315 (80.68%) were apprehended; 7,885 (9.74%) were voluntary deliveries; 6,196 (7.65%) were rescues, and 1,034 (1.28%) were transfers. There was no entry modality for 518 (0.64%) specimens. The most trafficked species were Sicalis flaveola (Saffron Finch), Sporophila nigricollis (Yellow-bellied Seedeater), Paroaria dominicana (Red-cowlead Cardinal), Cyanoloxia brissonii (Ultramarine Grosbeak), Sporophila caerulescens (Double-collared Seedeater), and Sporophila albogularis (White-throated Seedeater). Nine hundred twenty six specimens exhibited some threat. Analysis showed that the greatest flow of bird traffic occurs on BR 242 and BR 116. The municipalities that comprise the mesoregions Center-South, Center-North Baiano, and the Metropolitan Region of Salvador are those with greater concentrations of illegal activity. Irecê and Paulo Afonso constitute areas for the capture and commercialization of wild animals.

Gambling in Spanish Adolescents: Prevalence and Association with Mental Health Indicators

Concern about the development of behavioral addictions in adolescence, including gambling, has increased in recent years. Evidence shows that problem gambling can lead to personal, social, or health problems. However, even though gambling is an illegal activity, studies on this problem are quite limited in Spain. The main objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of gambling in adolescents in Spain. Moreover, gambling behaviors were examined according to gender and age, and their possible relationship with several mental health indicators was analyzed. The results showed that 20.6% of the adolescents who participated in the study had gambled money in the past year. The highest gambling prevalence was found in boys and in adolescents from the age of 16 years old. Moreover, the results showed that gambling behavior was related to different mental health indicators.

A Theory of ‘Too Big To Jail’

Motivated by some recent examples, this paper employs a model of public law enforcement to explain why it may not be in society’s interest to send criminals to prison. We establish two main findings. First, independent of the lawbreaker’s societal position, imprisonment is suboptimal when the harm from the illegal activity is sufficiently small. Second, for a given level of harm, imprisonment is suboptimal when the lawbreaker is sufficiently important. This latter result thus provides a rationale for why some parties are taken to be ‘too big to jail’.

Prevention of crime, tort and epidemy: The use of criminal procedure for preventive purposes in Poland during Covid-19

Criminal procedure is increasingly becoming an important instrument of prevention. This is a globally observed tendency, and Poland is not an exception. There are several regulations in the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure that allow the preventive use of coercive measures. In 2020, a new and controversial regulation was introduced, authorising the public prosecutor or court to prohibit the publication of content interfering with the legally protected goods of the victim. The author criticises the new preventive measure as duplicating civil law injunctions and expresses the opinion that, in criminal procedure, preventive measures should be used to prevent crime, not every illegal activity. In addition, the article describes the criminal procedure for isolating persons obliged to quarantine themselves because they have tested positive for Covid-19 or had contact with infected persons. This raises the question of the limits of the preventive function of provisional arrest and possible abuse of the criminal process using it for aims unrelated to the traditional goal of the criminal process: determining the question of guilt of the accused.

On Strengthening Responsibility for Drug Propaganda on the Internet

The article contains the analyses of the current situation in the field of drug use propaganda carried out using the Internet, and also the study of the amendments adopted by legislators providing for increased responsibility for this type of illegal activity. A content analysis of a specialized segment of the information virtual network, a comparative analysis of the researched problem with the data of 2019, a review of official statistics of law enforcement agencies were carried out. The conclusions about the results of the analysis.

Free and paid software on Architecture and Urbanism: Essential tools for the contemporary professional activity

Nowadays, the architect and urban planner’s professional have their professional practices intrinsically tied to the use of computers and software. Besides the acquisition of hardware, the prices of these softwares are a barrier for many professionals that are just now entering the job market, who end up using them by improper means -violating intellectual property laws. Such practice incurs illegal activity and creates distortions in market prices practiced by professionals. That’s why there is a need to study architects’ and urban planners’ workflow to formalize guidelines as to the possibilities of free and paid software. To do so, it’s pursued to creating an infographic about the workflow of architects and the free and paid software that can e used. It’s about raising awareness of the legal aspects of the professional activity, bringing recommendations for the academic environment, and enhancing the role of the architect and urban planner

The legality of the “share” in the billing of the public water supply and sewage service

The public water supply and sewerage service includes the totality of activities of public utility and general economic and social interest carried out for the purpose of the collection, treatment, transportation, storage and distribution of drinking water on the territory of the administrative-territorial unit, as well as for the purpose of the collection and purification of wastewater. This service is regulated, in particular, by the Law on public water supply and sewerage service No. 303/2013. The object of the law represents the creation of the legal framework for the establishment, organization, operation, regulation and monitoring of the public drinking water supply and sewerage service in the conditions of accessibility, availability, reliability, continuity, competitiveness, transparency, respecting quality, safety and environmental protection. Everything that exceeds these activities is not subject to the regulation of the Law No. 303/2013. And the application of the “share” is an illegal activity that is punishable in accordance with the legislation in force.

Identifying Predictors of Perceived Claims of Insurance Fraudulance

Insurance fraud affects nearly every industry in the world, costing companies and others that pay insurance premiums billions of dollars per year. Insurance fraud can be found in almost any area of business where liability insurance is carried and intended to protect consumers; illegal activity can be detected in almost any field of business where liability insurance is carried and intended to protect consumers. The aim of this study is to study the predictor/s of anti-insurance fraud among non-insurer companies in Vietnam. This study was conducted using a questionnaire that was completed by 51employees who are currently working in the 11 non-life insurance company in Vietnam. It can be concluded that there exists a significant relationship between all the three independent variables which are namely claim procedure as well as business operation management and the dependent variable which is anti fraud procedure.

Insuring Risks Associated With the Production and Sale of Marijuana

The strong growth potential of the cannabis industry offers insurers significant new business expansion opportunities, but the industry is complex and faces many unique risks. Legalized cannabis businesses need and desire insurance to mitigate these risks. However, the availability of insurance lags behind this need for insurance. Marijuana is still illegal at the federal level, causing many insurers to be hesitate to insure a federally illegal activity. These legal uncertainties will continue until Congress settles the conflict between federal and state laws. Further, there is little data available on the cannabis industry, making it difficult to price insurance products. However, rapid expansion of the cannabis industry has produced multiple unique needs and complex risks that need to be insured. This paper examines many of the risks faced by the cannabis industry, and the issues keeping many insurance carriers from entering this growing market.

Perpetuation of Taras Shevchenko's memory in the Ukrainian national movement of the Dnieper region at the beginning of the XX century

The relevance of this topic is seen in the fact that its study provides an opportunity to deepen the understanding of the underdeveloped problem of perpetuating the historical memory of Taras Shevchenko – a symbol of the Ukrainian nation's struggle for social and national freedom as an important factor in opposing the imperial regime. Tsarism by methods of ideological, gendarmerie-police, censorship pressure in every way prevented the activation of conscious Ukrainians in the early twentieth century. The aim of the study is to study the perpetuation of the memory of Taras Shevchenko in the Ukrainian national movement of the Dnieper region in the early twentieth century. The results of the article are that based on the study of archival and published documents, journalistic materials of the press and memoirs, various methods of legal and illegal activity of the Ukrainian national movement in preserving the historical memory of Taras Shevchenko were reconstructed. It is emphasized that the progressive public widely celebrated the 40th anniversary of Kobzar's death in the press. In the early twentieth century Ukrainian activists raised the issue of erecting a monument to Shevchenko, continued the tradition of visiting the tomb of the Ukrainian poet, tried to perpetuate his memory in toponymy, participated in Shevchenko's memorial services, resorted to illegal gatherings in honor of Kobzar, mentioned him during meetings and communication in among the intelligentsia. The originality and scientific novelty of the article in the production and development of insufficiently researched plot on historical Shevchenko studies, actualization and conceptualization of various concrete-historical material. Conclusions were made on various forms and methods of struggle to preserve the memory of Taras Shevchenko, which contributed to the establishment of national consciousness among Ukrainians, strengthened the political tendency in the Ukrainian national movement.