Chemical inhibition of cell wall formation and cytokinesis, but not of nuclear division, in protoplasts of Nicotiana tabacum L. cultivated in vitro

Planta ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Meyer ◽  
Werner Herth
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Nuclear Division ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Chemical Inhibition

scholarly journals A single heterologously expressed plant cellulose synthase isoform is sufficient for cellulose microfibril formation in vitro

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (40) ◽  
pp. 11360-11365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pallinti Purushotham ◽  
Sung Hyun Cho ◽  
Sara M. Díaz-Moreno ◽  
Manish Kumar ◽  
B. Tracy Nixon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Fiber Formation ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wall Formation

Plant cell walls are a composite material of polysaccharides, proteins, and other noncarbohydrate polymers. In the majority of plant tissues, the most abundant polysaccharide is cellulose, a linear polymer of glucose molecules. As the load-bearing component of the cell wall, individual cellulose chains are frequently bundled into micro and macrofibrils and are wrapped around the cell. Cellulose is synthesized by membrane-integrated and processive glycosyltransferases that polymerize UDP-activated glucose and secrete the nascent polymer through a channel formed by their own transmembrane regions. Plants express several different cellulose synthase isoforms during primary and secondary cell wall formation; however, so far, none has been functionally reconstituted in vitro for detailed biochemical analyses. Here we report the heterologous expression, purification, and functional reconstitution of Populus tremula x tremuloides CesA8 (PttCesA8), implicated in secondary cell wall formation. The recombinant enzyme polymerizes UDP-activated glucose to cellulose, as determined by enzyme degradation, permethylation glycosyl linkage analysis, electron microscopy, and mutagenesis studies. Catalytic activity is dependent on the presence of a lipid bilayer environment and divalent manganese cations. Further, electron microscopy analyses reveal that PttCesA8 produces cellulose fibers several micrometers long that occasionally are capped by globular particles, likely representing PttCesA8 complexes. Deletion of the enzyme’s N-terminal RING-finger domain almost completely abolishes fiber formation but not cellulose biosynthetic activity. Our results demonstrate that reconstituted PttCesA8 is not only sufficient for cellulose biosynthesis in vitro but also suffices to bundle individual glucan chains into cellulose microfibrils.

scholarly journals Cell wall formation in multinucleate pollen grains of Hordeum vulgare anthers cultured in vitro

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Idzikowska ◽  
Fortunat Młodzianowski
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Pollen Protoplast

Cell wall formation in several-nucleate pollen grains of <i>Hordeum vulgare</i> anthers cultured in vitro was initiated at the intine. The walls grew centripetally and branched, dividing pollen protoplast into a several-celled embryoid.

Effect of Trifluralin on Roots of Corn and Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Hacskaylo ◽  
V. A. Amato
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Nuclear Division ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Lateral Growth ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Normal Sequence ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Thin Walled

Seed of corn (Zea mays L., var. Texas 28) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., var. Deltapine smooth leaf) were planted in sand and subsequently drenched with solutions of α,α,α trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin). The levels of herbicide used inhibited growth of roots and shoots in both crops, but cotton proved more tolerant than corn. The roots failed to elongate normally, but the lateral growth that continued gave the radicle a “club-shaped” appearance, especially in corn. Stained sections of the roots were mounted as permanent slides for study. The cells at the extreme tip of the treated roots were small and dense; many were multinucleate. Immediately behind this region, the cells were abnormally large, thin-walled, and aberrant. A disorganized type of nuclear division was evident. Cell plate and cell wall formation were apparently rare. Although we found no normal sequence of mitosis in cells of treated roots, all stages of mitosis were seen in the untreated roots.

Ethylene effects on cambial activity and cell wall formation in hypocotyls of Picea abies seedlings

1991 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbro S. M. Ingemarsson ◽  
Leif Eklund ◽  
Lennart Eliasson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wall Formation

Arabidopsis Callose Synthase Gene GSL8 is Required for Cell Wall Formation and Establishment and Maintenance of Quiescent Center

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-397
Author(s):  
Liu Lin ◽  
Quan Xianqing ◽  
Zhao Xiaomei ◽  
Huang Lihua ◽  
Feng Shangcai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Quiescent Center ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Callose Synthase ◽  
Wall Formation

scholarly journals MYB Transcription Factors and Its Regulation in Secondary Cell Wall Formation and Lignin Biosynthesis during Xylem Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3560
Author(s):  
Ruixue Xiao ◽  
Chong Zhang ◽  
Xiaorui Guo ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Hai Lu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Myb Transcription Factors ◽  
Wall Formation

The secondary wall is the main part of wood and is composed of cellulose, xylan, lignin, and small amounts of structural proteins and enzymes. Lignin molecules can interact directly or indirectly with cellulose, xylan and other polysaccharide molecules in the cell wall, increasing the mechanical strength and hydrophobicity of plant cells and tissues and facilitating the long-distance transportation of water in plants. MYBs (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) belong to one of the largest superfamilies of transcription factors, the members of which regulate secondary cell-wall formation by promoting/inhibiting the biosynthesis of lignin, cellulose, and xylan. Among them, MYB46 and MYB83, which comprise the second layer of the main switch of secondary cell-wall biosynthesis, coordinate upstream and downstream secondary wall synthesis-related transcription factors. In addition, MYB transcription factors other than MYB46/83, as well as noncoding RNAs, hormones, and other factors, interact with one another to regulate the biosynthesis of the secondary wall. Here, we discuss the biosynthesis of secondary wall, classification and functions of MYB transcription factors and their regulation of lignin polymerization and secondary cell-wall formation during wood formation.

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