Calculation of the energy release in a gaseous control unit with a generalized, standard construction

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
V. P. Sivokon'

Author(s):  
N.S. Allen ◽  
R.D. Allen

Various methods of video-enhanced microscopy combine TV cameras with light microscopes creating images with improved resolution, contrast and visibility of fine detail, which can be recorded rapidly and relatively inexpensively. The AVEC (Allen Video-enhanced Contrast) method avoids polarizing rectifiers, since the microscope is operated at retardations of λ/9- λ/4, where no anomaly is seen in the Airy diffraction pattern. The iris diaphram is opened fully to match the numerical aperture of the condenser to that of the objective. Under these conditions, no image can be realized either by eye or photographically. Yet the image becomes visible using the Hamamatsu C-1000-01 binary camera, if the camera control unit is equipped with variable gain control and an offset knob (which sets a clamp voltage of a D.C. restoration circuit). The theoretical basis for these improvements has been described.





2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-335
Author(s):  
Dmitriy A. Galin ◽  
◽  
Pavel A. Ionov ◽  
Aleksey S. Nazarkin




2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-152
Author(s):  
Dennis S. Kelliher

ABSTRACT When performing predictive durability analyses on tires using finite element methods, it is generally recognized that energy release rate (ERR) is the best measure by which to characterize the fatigue behavior of rubber. By addressing actual cracks in a simulation geometry, ERR provides a more appropriate durability criterion than the strain energy density (SED) of geometries without cracks. If determined as a function of crack length and loading history, and augmented with material crack growth properties, ERR allows for a quantitative prediction of fatigue life. Complications arise, however, from extra steps required to implement the calculation of ERR within the analysis process. This article presents an overview and some details of a method to perform such analyses. The method involves a preprocessing step that automates the creation of a ribbon crack within an axisymmetric-geometry finite element model at a predetermined location. After inflating and expanding to three dimensions to fully load the tire against a surface, full ribbon sections of the crack are then incrementally closed through multiple solution steps, finally achieving complete closure. A postprocessing step is developed to determine ERR as a function of crack length from this enforced crack closure technique. This includes an innovative approach to calculating ERR as the crack length approaches zero.



1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. KAILASANATH ◽  
J. GARDNER ◽  
E. ORAN ◽  
J. BORIS


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