An application of reflective holographic gratings for measurement of cylindrical curvature

This paper presented an application of reflective holographic gratings for the measurement of cylindrical curvature. The surface of the fabricated holographic grating was coated with gold by the sputtering method, where it became a reflective holographic grating. The grating was attached to the surface of various radius cylindrical objects. The diffraction pattern produced by the bent grating with different radius was observed by illuminating a laser beam normal to the grating surface. The gratings constant were calculated from the observed diffraction pattern. The relationship between the grating constants and the radius of cylindrical objects was obtained. The grating constant and the reciprocal of the radius of cylindrical objects was a linear relationship, with the least R-square between 0.85-0.97. Moreover, the y-intercept of the relationship between the grating constants and the reciprocal radius was consistent with the grating constant of the non-bended grating. As the radius of the grating approach is infinite, the reciprocal of the radius approaches zero, which is a non-bend grating. We can apply this method to measure the radius of cylindrical objects.

Oberthürite, Rh3(Ni,Fe)32S32 and torryweiserite, Rh5Ni10S16, two new platinum-group minerals from the Marathon deposit, Coldwell Complex, Ontario, Canada: Descriptions, crystal-chemical considerations, and comments on the geochemistry of rhodium

ABSTRACT Oberthürite, Rh3(Ni,Fe)32S32, and torryweiserite, Rh5Ni10S16, are two new platinum-group minerals discovered in a heavy-mineral concentrate from the Marathon deposit, Coldwell Complex, Ontario, Canada. Oberthürite is cubic, space group , with a 10.066(5) Å, V 1019.9(1) Å3, Z = 1. The six strongest lines of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are: 3.06(100)(311), 2.929(18)(222), 1.9518(39)(115,333), 1.7921(74)(440), 1.3184(15)(137,355) and 1.0312(30)(448). Associated minerals include: vysotskite, Au-Ag alloy, isoferroplatinum, Ge-bearing keithconnite, majakite, coldwellite, ferhodsite-series minerals (cuprorhodsite–ferhodsite), kotulskite, and mertieite-II, and the base-metal sulfides, chalcopyrite, bornite, millerite, and Rh-bearing pentlandite. Grains of oberthürite are up to 100 × 100 μm and the mineral commonly develops in larger composites with coldwellite, isoferroplatinum, zvyagintsevite, Rh-bearing pentlandite, and torryweiserite. The mineral is creamy brown compared to coldwellite and bornite, white when compared to torryweiserite, and gray when compared chalcopyrite and millerite. No streak or microhardness could be measured. The mineral shows no discernible pleochroism, bireflectance, or anisotropy. The reflectance values (%) in air for the standard COM wavelengths are: 36.2 (470 nm), 39.1 (546 nm), 40.5 (589 nm), and 42.3 (650 nm). The calculated density is 5.195 g/cm3, determined using the empirical formula and the unit-cell parameter from the refined crystal structure. The average result (n = 11) using energy-dispersive spectrometry is: Rh 10.22, Ni 38.83, Fe 16.54, Co 4.12, Cu 0.23 S 32.36, total 100.30 wt.%, which corresponds to (Rh2Ni0.67Fe0.33)Σ3.00(Ni19.30Fe9.09Co2.22Rh1.16Cu0.12)∑31.89S32.11, based on 67 apfu and crystallochemical considerations, or ideally, Rh3Ni32S32. The name is for Dr. Thomas Oberthür, a well-known researcher on alluvial platinum-group minerals, notably those found in deposits related to the Great Dyke (Zimbabwe) and the Bushveld complex (Republic of South Africa). Torryweiserite is rhombohedral, space group , with a 7.060(1), c 34.271(7) Å, V 1479.3(1), Z = 3. The six strongest lines of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are: 3.080(33)(021), 3.029(58)(116,0110), 1.9329(30)(036,1115,1210), 1.7797(100)(220,0216), 1.2512(49)(0416), and 1.0226(35)(060,2416,0232). Associated minerals are the same as for oberthürite. The mineral is slightly bluish compared to oberthürite, gray when compared to chalcopyrite, zvyagintsevite, and keithconnite, and pale creamy brown when compared to bornite and coldwellite. No streak or microhardness could be measured. The mineral shows no discernible pleochroism, bireflectance, or anisotropy. The reflectance values (%) in air for the standard COM wavelengths are: 34.7 (470 nm), 34.4 (546 nm), 33.8 (589 nm), and 33.8 (650 nm). The calculated density is 5.555 g/cm3, determined using the empirical formula and the unit-cell parameters from the refined crystal structure. The average result (n = 10) using wavelength-dispersive spectrometry is: Rh 28.02, Pt 2.56, Ir 1.98, Ru 0.10, Os 0.10, Ni 17.09, Fe 9.76, Cu 7.38, Co 1.77 S 30.97, total 99.73 wt.%, which corresponds to (Rh4.50Pt0.22Ir0.17Ni0.08Ru0.02Os0.01)∑5.00(Ni4.73Fe2.89Cu1.92Co0.50)Σ10.04S15.96, based on 31 apfu and crystallochemical considerations, or ideally Rh5Ni10S16. The name is for Dr. Thorolf (‘Torry') W. Weiser, a well-known researcher on platinum-group minerals, notably those found in deposits related to the Great Dyke (Zimbabwe) and the Bushveld complex (Republic of South Africa). Both minerals have crystal structures similar to those of pentlandite and related minerals: oberthürite has two metal sites that are split relative to that in pentlandite, and torryweiserite has a layered structure, comparable, but distinct, to that developed along [111] in pentlandite. Oberthürite and torryweiserite are thought to develop at ∼ 500 °C under conditions of moderate fS2, through ordering of Rh-Ni-S nanoparticles in precursor Rh-bearing pentlandite during cooling. The paragenetic sequence of the associated Rh-bearing minerals is: Rh-bearing pentlandite → oberthürite → torryweiserite → ferhodsite-series minerals, reflecting a relative increase in Rh concentration with time. The final step, involving the formation of rhodsite-series minerals, was driven via by the oxidation of Fe2+ → Fe3+ and subsequent preferential removal of Fe3+, similar to the process involved in the conversion of pentlandite to violarite. Summary comments are made on the occurrence and distribution of Rh, minerals known to have Rh-dominant chemistries, the potential existence of both Rh3+ and Rh2+, and the crystallochemical factors influencing accommodation of Rh in minerals.

Synthesis of 3D-porous scaffold from cockle shells waste-based hydroxyapatite with addition silica from tin tailings

This study aims to synthesize a porous scaffold based on hydroxyapatite and silica using the polymer sponge replication method. In bone tissue engineering technology, the development of porous scaffolds is a topic that is intensively studied because it is expected to be a solution to various problems of conventional bone therapy. In addition to proposing a porous scaffold synthesis method, we also utilize natural waste-based materials such as cockle shells and tin tailings as raw materials in this research. Investigation through x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern with the goodness of fit coefficient, X 2 = 0.09 shows that the coprecipitation method is effective for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite. Analysis of XRD pattern of tin tailings sand with a value of X 2 = 0.008 showed that the diffraction pattern was related to silica with space group P 41 21 2. The polymer sponge replication method with polyurethane template succeeded in obtaining scaffolds with macropores above 300 μm. Based on the diffraction pattern of the three porous scaffolds prepared with different percentages of HA, it is known that all porous scaffolds have peaks related to HA and silica. It indicates that the decomposition temperature of polymer does not provide sufficient energy for the HA and silica to transform or react chemically.

Marathonite, Pd25Ge9, and palladogermanide, Pd2Ge, two new platinum-group minerals from the Marathon deposit, Coldwell Complex, Ontario, Canada: Descriptions, crystal-chemical considerations, and genetic implications

ABSTRACT Marathonite, Pd25Ge9, and palladogermanide, Pd2Ge, are two new platinum-group minerals discovered in the Marathon deposit, Coldwell Complex, Ontario, Canada. Marathonite is trigonal, space group P3, with a 7.391(1), c 10.477(2) Å, V 495.6(1) Å3, Z = 1. The six strongest lines of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are: 2.436(10)(014,104,120,210), 2.374(29)(023,203,121,211), 2.148(100)(114,030), 1.759(10)(025,205,131,311), 1.3605(13)(233,323,036,306), and 1.2395(14)(144,414,330). Associated minerals include: vysotskite, Au-Ag alloy, isoferroplatinum, Ge-bearing keithconnite, majakite, coldwellite, ferhodsite-series minerals (cuprorhodsite-ferhodsite), kotulskite and mertieite-II, the base-metal sulfides, chalcopyrite, bornite, millerite and Rh-bearing pentlandite, oberthürite and torryweiserite, and silicates including a clinoamphibole and a Fe-rich chlorite-group mineral. Rounded, elongated grains of marathonite are up to 33 × 48 μm. Marathonite is white, but pinkish brown compared to palladogermanide and bornite. No streak or microhardness could be measured. The mineral shows no discernible pleochroism, bireflectance, or anisotropy. The reflectance values (%) in air for the standard COM wavelengths are: 40.8 (470 nm), 44.1 (546 nm), 45.3 (589 nm), and 47.4 (650 nm). The calculated density is 10.933 g/cm3, determined using the empirical formula and the unit-cell parameters from the refined crystal structure. The average result (n = 19) using energy-dispersive spectrometry is: Si 0.11, S 0.39, Cu 2.32, Ge 18.46, Pd 77.83, Pt 1.10, total 100.22 wt.%, corresponding to the empirical formula (based on 34 apfu): (Pd23.82Cu1.19Pt0.18)Σ25.19(Ge8.28S0.40Si0.13)∑8.81 and the simplified formula is Pd25Ge9. The name is for the town of Marathon, Ontario, Canada, after which the Marathon deposit (Coldwell complex) is named. Results from electron backscattered diffraction show that palladogermanide is isostructural with synthetic Pd2Ge. Based on this, palladogermanide is considered to be hexagonal, space group , with a 6.712(1), c 3.408(1) Å, V 133.0(1), Z = 3. The seven strongest lines of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern calculated for the synthetic analogue [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are: 2.392(100)(111), 2.211(58)(201), 2.197(43)(210), 1.937(34)(300), 1.846(16)(211), 1.7037(16)(002), and 1.2418(18)(321). Associated minerals are the same as for marathonite. Palladogermanide occurs as an angular, anhedral grain measuring 29 × 35 μm. It is white, but grayish-white when compared to marathonite, bornite, and chalcopyrite. Compared to zvyagintsevite, palladogermanide is a dull gray. No streak or microhardness could be measured. The mineral shows no discernible pleochroism, bireflectance, or anisotropy. The reflectance values (%) in air for the standard COM wavelengths for Ro and Ro' are: 46.8, 53.4 (470 nm), 49.5, 55.4 (546 nm), 50.1, 55.7 (589 nm), and 51.2, 56.5 (650 nm). The calculated density is 10.74 g/cm3, determined using the empirical formula and the unit-cell parameters from synthetic Pd2Ge. The average result (n = 14) using wavelength-dispersive spectrometry is: Si 0.04, Fe 0.14, Cu 0.06, Ge 25.21, Te 0.30, Pd 73.10, Pt 0.95, Pb 0.08, total 99.88 wt.%, corresponding (based on 3 apfu) to: (Pd1.97Pt0.01Fe0.01)Σ1.99(Ge1.00Te0.01)∑1.01 or ideally, Pd2Ge. The name is for its chemistry and relationship to palladosilicide. The crystal structure of marathonite was solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods (R = 7.55, wR2 = 19.96 %). It is based on two basic modules, one ordered and one disordered, that alternate along [001]. The ordered module, ∼7.6 Å in thickness, is based on a simple Pd4Ge3 unit cross-linked by Pd atoms to form a six-membered trigonal ring that in turn gives rise to a layered module containing fully occupied Pd and Ge sites. This alternates along [001] with a highly disordered module, ∼3 Å in thickness, composed of a number of partially occupied Pd and Ge sites. The combination of sites in the ordered and disordered modules give the stoichiometric formula Pd25Ge9. The observed paragenetic sequence is: bornite → marathonite → palladogermanide. Phase equilibria studies in the Pd-Ge system show Pd25Ge9 (marathonite) to be stable over the range of 550–970 °C and that Pd2Ge (palladogermanide) is stable down to 200 °C. Both minerals are observed in an assemblage of clinoamphibole, a Fe-rich, chlorite-group mineral, and fragmented chalcopyrite, suggesting physical or chemical alteration, possibly both. Palladogermanide is also found associated with a magnetite of near end-member composition, potentially indicating a relative increase in fO2. Both minerals are considered to have developed at temperatures of 500–600 °C, under conditions of low fS2 and fO2, given the requirements needed to fractionate, concentrate, and form minerals with Ge-dominant chemistries.

Iterative diffraction pattern retrieval from a single focal construct geometry image

Understanding the crystal structure of materials under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature has been revolutionized by major advances in laser-driven dynamic compression and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) technology. Instead of the well known Debye–Scherrer configuration, the focal construct geometry (FCG) was introduced to produce high-intensity diffraction data from laser-based in situ XRD experiments without increasing the amount of laser energy, but the resulting reflections suffered from profoundly asymmetrical broadening, leading to inaccuracy in determination of the crystal structure. Inspired by fast-neutron energy spectrum measurements, proposed here is an iterative retrieval method for recovering diffraction data from a single FCG image. This iterative algorithm restores both the peak shape and relative intensity with rapid convergence and requires no prior knowledge about the expected diffraction pattern, allowing the FCG to increase the in situ XRD intensity while simultaneously preserving the angular resolution. The feasibility and validity of the method are shown by successful recovery of the diffraction pattern from both a single simulated FCG image and a single laser-based nanosecond XRD measurement.

Particle Nature of Photons, Normal Diffraction Pattern and Curved Diffraction Pattern Emerging in Same Experiment --- Double-Slit Experiment Still Has Much to Offer

The particle nature of the photons was experimentally confirmed. The static straight line diffraction pattern of the normal grating experiments has been shown experimentally. The phenomenon of the dynamic curved diffraction pattern of the grating experiment have been shown in separate experiments. In this article, the new experiments are proposed and performed, which show that the particle nature of the photons, the static straight line diffraction patterns, and the dynamic curved, expanded and inclined diffraction patterns co-exist in the same grating experiment simultaneously. The novel phenomena make the Feynman’s mystery of the normal double slit experiment more mysterious, violate Bohr’s complementarity principle, and provide comprehensive information/data for studying the wave-particle duality and developing new theoretical model. The double-slit experiment still has much to offer.

Particle Nature of Photons, Straight Diffraction Pattern and Curved Diffraction Pattern Emerging in Same Grating Experiment

The particle nature of the photons was experimentally confirmed. The static straight line diffraction pattern of the normal grating experiments has been shown experimentally. The phenomenon of the dynamic curved diffraction pattern of the grating experiment have been shown in separate experiments. In this article, the new experiments are proposed and performed, which show that the particle nature of the photons, the static straight line diffraction patterns, and the dynamic curved, expanded and inclined diffraction patterns co-exist in the same grating experiment simultaneously. The novel phenomena make the Feynman’s mystery of the normal double slit experiment more mysterious, violate Bohr’s complementarity principle, and provide comprehensive information/data for studying the wave-particle duality and developing new theoretical model.