There has been relatively little known about responses from proximal retina in mammals that could contribute to the electroretinogram (ERG). Recently, there has been evidence that the proximal retina is involved in generating the pattern electroretinogram (PERG). In the present work we investigated proximal retinal activity in the intact cat eye during light adaptation. Extracellular potentials evoked in response to circular spots of light, flashed on steady backgrounds, were recorded with microelectrodes placed intraretinally at different depths. Prominent negative responses were found in proximal retina that could be identified as the M-wave previously observed only in cold-blooded retinas. Like the cold-blooded responses, the cat's M-wave consisted of negative-going potentials at stimulus onset and offset that were maximum in amplitude with small spots. By analogy to the cold-blooded data, the cat M-wave is presumed to be the extracellular voltage arising from Muller cell responses to K+ released by proximal retinal neurons. In addition, the cat M-wave only appeared with backgrounds at and above rod saturation and had short latencies (30 ms) at stimulus onset and offset, indicating that it is a cone-driven response. The M-wave could be clearly distinguished from PII (b-wave and DC component) on the basis of its form, depth distribution, and stimulus-response characteristics. For example, photopic PII had its maximum voltage in the distal retinal at 55% retinal depth, whereas the M-wave was maximal in the proximal retina at 25% retinal depth. Also, PII simply increased in amplitude as stimulus spots were enlarged, whereas the M-wave exhibited spatial tuning. Under light-adapted conditions and with small-spot stimuli the M-wave is the largest extracellular voltage in cat retina. By recording the vitreal ERG near the retinal surface with the microelectrode referenced to a silver wire in the vitreous, we found that the M-wave in response to a small spot always had a negative polarity in the vitreous. Thus, unlike PII, the M-wave does not reverse polarity at the vitreo-retinal border. Because of stray-light effects, however, we were not able to assess the amplitude of the M-wave's contribution to the ERG obtained with diffuse retinal illumination. We conclude that the M-wave is present in the cat as a prominent cone-driven response of proximal retina that is separate from the b-wave, and whose significance for electroretinographic recordings remains to be determined.
Coarctation of the aorta and baroreceptor resetting. A study of carotid baroreceptor stimulus-response characteristics before and after surgical repair in the dog.