Introductions and developments of oysters in the North Sea area: a review

Abstract. Based upon a combination of biometric and quantitative analysis on the Arkhangelskiella cymbiformis group, six additional datums were obtained in the Campanian to Maastrichtian interval of the North Sea area. These datums are in ascending order: 1. first common to abundance occurrence of A cymbiformis (Var. NT); 2. last common to abundance occurrence of A. cymbiformis (Var. NT); 3. first common to abundant occurrence of A. cymbiformis (var. N); 4. first common to abundant occurrence of A. cymbiformis (Var. W); 5. last common to abundant occurrence of A. cymbiformis (Var. N); and 7. last common to abundant occurrence of A. cymbiformis (Var. W). The width of the shield is taken as a main criterion for biometric analysis.

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Pipeline Operation in the North Sea Area: Statoil’s Experience and Challenges

Volume 1: Project Management; Design and Construction; Environmental Issues; GIS/Database Development; Innovative Projects and Emerging Issues; Operations and Maintenance; Pipelining in Northern Environments; Standards and Regulations ◽

10.1115/ipc2006-10288 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Ove R. Samdal ◽

Anders Kvinnesland ◽

Kjell Edvard Apeland ◽

Arthur Lind ◽

Kjartan Vartdal

Keyword(s):

Data Storage ◽

North Sea ◽

Response Times ◽

Operating Cost ◽

Metal Loss ◽

Risk Levels ◽

Integrity Assessment ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

Sea Area

Statoil has since 1985 installed, commissioned and operated approximately 8000 km of pipelines in the North Sea area. Among these pipelines are several of the world’s largest offshore gas trunk lines with the onshore parts relatively short in length but often with complex landfalls, fjord and land crossings. Since 2002 Gassco has been the Operator for transporting Norwegian gas to continental Europe and the UK. Gassco is a fully state owned company. Statoil is now TSP (Technical Service Provider) for most of the trunk lines. Operating these pipelines represents several challenges, and the accumulated experience gained through successful operations of these pipelines has brought Statoil to the forefront within the pipeline industry. Through comprehensive research and development Statoil has improved pipeline technology within areas as inspection, maintenance and repair. Together with the development of risk based condition (integrity) assessment, inspection and monitoring planning tools and work processes, these technology achievements have significantly improved Statoil’s knowledge and understanding of the pipeline condition and associated risk levels. A significant reduction in operating cost has also been experienced. Together with its collaborating partners Statoil has among others improved internal inspection technology by improving the MFL technology to a level of extra high resolution (XHR-technology) making metal loss measurements more reliable and accurate. Multi diameter inspection tools (28”–42”) (MDPT) and optical laser tool (Optopig) have also been developed and put into operation. Sub sea pipeline survey by use of ROV has been significantly improved with regard to instrumentation and survey speed. A unique remote pipeline repair contingency system (PRS) with well defined response times (10–21 days), has also been developed. To get the full benefit of these developments a risk based pipeline condition (integrity) management system (PCMS/PIMS) has been developed with the development of DnV’s Orbit Pipeline as a key element. ORBIT Pipeline consists principally of data storage and administration and various risk based integrity assessment modules. This paper will discuss several topics related to these technology developments and development of risk based condition (integrity) assessment.

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Trade, diplomacy and cultural exchange: continuity and change in the North Sea area and the Baltic, c.1350–1750 – Edited by Hanno Brand

The Economic History Review ◽

10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00381_18.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 215-216

Author(s):

herman van der wee

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

Cultural Exchange ◽

Continuity And Change ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

The Baltic ◽

Sea Area

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The subsidence of the North Sea area: A summary

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1139/e68-108 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 1123-1124

Author(s):

B. J. Collette

Keyword(s):

Phase Transition ◽

North Sea ◽

Sediment Loading ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

Sea Area

Subsidence of the North Sea is explained as a result of a phase transition influenced by sediment loading, followed by differential movements resulting from the formation at depth of eutectic melts.

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