Drug addiction: Functional neurotoxicity of the brain reward systems

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedbert Weiss ◽  
George F. Koob
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Reward Systems ◽  
Brain Reward ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Learning of food preferences: mechanisms and implications for obesity & metabolic diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Rudolf Berthoud ◽  
Christopher D. Morrison ◽  
Karen Ackroff ◽  
Anthony Sclafani
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Dietary Knowledge ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Brain Reward ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Vagal Function

AbstractOmnivores, including rodents and humans, compose their diets from a wide variety of potential foods. Beyond the guidance of a few basic orosensory biases such as attraction to sweet and avoidance of bitter, they have limited innate dietary knowledge and must learn to prefer foods based on their flavors and postoral effects. This review focuses on postoral nutrient sensing and signaling as an essential part of the reward system that shapes preferences for the associated flavors of foods. We discuss the extensive array of sensors in the gastrointestinal system and the vagal pathways conveying information about ingested nutrients to the brain. Earlier studies of vagal contributions were limited by nonselective methods that could not easily distinguish the contributions of subsets of vagal afferents. Recent advances in technique have generated substantial new details on sugar- and fat-responsive signaling pathways. We explain methods for conditioning flavor preferences and their use in evaluating gut–brain communication. The SGLT1 intestinal sugar sensor is important in sugar conditioning; the critical sensors for fat are less certain, though GPR40 and 120 fatty acid sensors have been implicated. Ongoing work points to particular vagal pathways to brain reward areas. An implication for obesity treatment is that bariatric surgery may alter vagal function.

scholarly journals In the nose or on the tongue? Contrasting motivational effects of oral and intranasal oxytocin on arousal and reward during social processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Kou ◽  
Chunmei Lan ◽  
Yingying Zhang ◽  
Qianqian Wang ◽  
Feng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Intranasal Administration ◽  
Emotional Cues ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Social Processing ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Brain Reward ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Intervention

AbstractIntranasal oxytocin exerts wide-ranging effects on socioemotional behavior and is proposed as a potential therapeutic intervention in psychiatric disorders. However, following intranasal administration, oxytocin could penetrate directly into the brain or influence its activity via increased peripheral concentrations crossing the blood–brain barrier or influencing vagal projections. In the current randomized, placebo-controlled, pharmaco-imaging clinical trial we investigated effects of 24IU oral (lingual) oxytocin spray, restricting it to peripherally mediated blood-borne and vagal effects, on responses to face emotions in 80 male subjects and compared them with 138 subjects treated intranasally with 24IU. Oral, but not intranasal oxytocin administration increased both arousal ratings for faces and associated brain reward responses, the latter being partially mediated by blood concentration changes. Furthermore, while oral oxytocin increased amygdala and arousal responses to face emotions, after intranasal administration they were decreased. Thus, oxytocin can produce markedly contrasting motivational effects in relation to socioemotional cues when it influences brain function via different routes. These findings have important implications for future therapeutic use since administering oxytocin orally may be both easier and have potentially stronger beneficial effects by enhancing responses to emotional cues and increasing their associated reward.

Value, drug addiction and the brain

2021 ◽  
pp. 106816
Author(s):  
Kavinash Loganathan ◽  
Eric Tatt Wei Ho
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Functional opposition between habenula metabolism and the brain reward system

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Shumake ◽  
F. Gonzalez-Lima
Keyword(s):  
Reward System ◽  
Brain Reward ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Reward System

Customized DNA–directed precision nutrition to balance the brain reward circuitry and reduce addictive behaviors

2018 ◽  
pp. 295-310
Author(s):  
Kenneth Blum ◽  
Marcelo Febo ◽  
Eric R. Braverman ◽  
Mona Li ◽  
Lyle Fried ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
Brain Reward ◽  
The Brain

Effects of obesogenic intrauterine environment on brain reward systems in the offspring

Appetite ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 646
Author(s):  
B.M. Geiger ◽  
L.A. Cappellucci ◽  
E.N. Pothos
Keyword(s):  
Reward Systems ◽  
Intrauterine Environment ◽  
Brain Reward

Actions of drugs of abuse on brain reward systems: A reconsideration with specific attention to alcohol

1982 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Amit ◽  
Z.W. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Reward Systems ◽  
Brain Reward

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Addiction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn J. Reissner ◽  
Peter W. Kalivas
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Molecular Changes ◽  
Cellular Changes ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Brain Reward ◽  
Social Use ◽  
The Brain

Exposure to drugs of abuse can be a reinforcing experience that, in vulnerable individuals, can lead to continued use and the development of an addiction disorder. Evidence indicates that the escalation in use and compulsive motivation to obtain the drug is linked to long-lasting cellular changes within the brain reward neurocircuitry. In this chapter we describe the stages of transition in use from social use to habitual relapse, and within that context we describe the implicated neurocircuitry, and the enduring cellular and molecular changes that occur within that circuitry, that may mediate the preoccupation with drug seeking in addiction-vulnerable individuals.

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