brain reward
Recently Published Documents


TOTAL DOCUMENTS

380
(FIVE YEARS 65)

H-INDEX

69
(FIVE YEARS 4)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules R. Dugré ◽  
Pierre Orban ◽  
Stéphane Potvin

ABSTRACTImportanceExtensive literature suggests that the brain reward system is crucial in understanding the neurobiology of substance use disorders. However, across studies on substance use problems, evidence of reliable disruptions in functional connectivity is limited.ObjectiveTo uncover deficient functional connectivity with the brain reward system that are reliably associated with substance use problems, by meta-analytically synthesizing results of functional brain connectivity studies on substance use problems.Data SourcesIdentification of relevant functional brain connectivity studies on substance misuse was done using PubMed, Google Scholar and EMBASE (until September 2021) with the following terms: cannabis, cocaine, substance, methamphetamine, amphetamine, alcohol, tobacco, nicotine, functional connectivity, resting-state, task-based connectivity, psychophysiological interaction.Study SelectionGuidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses were followed, Publications were included if they reported stereotactic coordinates of functional brain connectivity results on individuals with substance use problems without a comorbid major mental illness or organic impairment.Data Extraction and SynthesisSpatially convergent brain regions across functional connectivity studies on subjects with substance use problems were analyzed using Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analysis.Altered connectivity with regions of the brain reward system was performed carried out through voxelwise seed-based meta-analyses. Subanalyses were performed to examine mediating factors such as severity of illness, connectivity modalities and types of substances.Main Outcomes and MeasuresIdentification of deficits in functional brain connectivity with the reward system across studies on substance use problems.ResultsNinety-six studies using a seed-based connectivity approach were included, representing 5757 subjects with substance use problems. In subjects with substance use problems, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex exhibited hyperconnectivity with the ventral striatum, and hypoconnectivity with the amygdala and hippocampus. Executive striatum showed hyperconnectivity with motor thalamus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and hypoconnectivity with anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula. Finally, the limbic striatum was found to be hyperconnected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and hypoconnected to the precuneus, compared to healthy subjects.Conclusions and RelevanceThe current study provided meta-analytical evidence of deficient functional connectivity between brain regions of the reward system and cortico-striato-thalamocortical loops in addiction, in line with current influential neurobiological models. These results are consistent with deficits in motivation and habit formation occurring in addiction, and they also highlight alterations in brain regions involved in socio-emotional processing and attention salience.KEY POINTSQuestionWhat functional brain connectivities with the brain reward system are reliably disrupted across studies on substance use problems?FindingsSubjects with substance use problems exhibited deficient connectivity between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and subcortical structures including the ventral striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus. Executive striatum showed hyperconnectivity with motor thalamus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and hypoconnectivity with anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula. Altered connectivity between limbic striatum and core regions of the default mode network was also observed.MeaningDeficient functional brain connectivity along the cortico-striato-thalamocortical loops may reflect deficits in habit formation, socio-emotional and salience processing in addiction.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9806
Author(s):  
Martyna Bayassi-Jakowicka ◽  
Grazyna Lietzau ◽  
Ewelina Czuba ◽  
Aleksandra Steliga ◽  
Monika Waśkow ◽  
...  

A growing body of evidence suggests that nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a significant role not only in the physiological processes associated with reward and satisfaction but also in many diseases of the central nervous system. Summary of the current state of knowledge on the morphological and functional basis of such a diverse function of this structure may be a good starting point for further basic and clinical research. The NAc is a part of the brain reward system (BRS) characterized by multilevel organization, extensive connections, and several neurotransmitter systems. The unique role of NAc in the BRS is a result of: (1) hierarchical connections with the other brain areas, (2) a well-developed morphological and functional plasticity regulating short- and long-term synaptic potentiation and signalling pathways, (3) cooperation among several neurotransmitter systems, and (4) a supportive role of neuroglia involved in both physiological and pathological processes. Understanding the complex function of NAc is possible by combining the results of morphological studies with molecular, genetic, and behavioral data. In this review, we present the current views on the NAc function in physiological conditions, emphasizing the role of its connections, neuroplasticity processes, and neurotransmitter systems.


2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1632-1633
Author(s):  
I. Ivanov ◽  
J. H. Newcorn ◽  
B. Krone ◽  
X. Li ◽  
S. Duhoux ◽  
...  

Background: The objective of this study was to examine changes in the activation of the brain reward system following treatment with lisdexamfetamine (LDX) vs. placebo (PL) as a function of clinical improvement in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Methods: Twenty adults with ADHD were included in a randomized cross-over study. Participants underwent two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans, after receiving 3 to 5 weeks of treatment with both LDX and PL. During scanning, participants performed the passive-avoidance learning task to assess reward-related learning using computational variables (e.g., estimated value and prediction error). Pre-treatment to post-treatment symptom change was assessed via the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). The imaging contrasts were Object Choose or Object Refuse during the object choice component of the task, modulated by expected value (reward vs. nonreward cue), and Reward vs. Punishment during feedback, modulated by prediction error (expected vs. actual outcome). To address the primary objective, we performed group-level mass univariate analyses between pre-treatment to post-treatment percent change of the ADHD-RS total scores and the four contrast images under the choice and feedback conditions, with significance set at a whole-brain voxel-wise threshold of p < .05 with family-wise error (FWE) correction and an extent (cluster) threshold of 50 contiguous voxels. Results: Improvement in ADHD symptoms was accompanied by significant increases of brain activation during the Object Refuse, Reward and Punishment contrasts in a widespread network including left caudate and putamen, and right orbitofrontal cortex (i.e., reward-related signaling) and left middle frontal, superior frontal, and precentral gyri (i.e., executive control). Conclusions: These findings are the first to show that the increase in responsiveness of systems engaged in reward processing with LDX treatment is positively related to symptom improvement. Results support the hypothesis that LDX treatment may restore balance to dysfunction (e.g., hypoactivation) within the brain reward circuitry in adults with ADHD.


Author(s):  
Fabiolla Patusco Dias ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Soares Carvalho Crespo ◽  
Joaquim Barbosa Leite Junior ◽  
Richard Ian Samuels ◽  
Norberto Cysne Coimbra ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-211
Author(s):  
Stefan Kaiser ◽  
Florian Schlagenhauf

Reward is essential for motivating goal-directed behaviour. Impairment in the processing of reward is therefore a promising candidate for understanding apathy which has been defined as a loss of motivation and a quantitative reduction of goal-directed behaviour. This chapter employs the recently updated Research Domain Criteria framework for positive valence systems to provide an overview of reward system functions that have been associated with apathy, including reward anticipation, reward consumption, learning and prediction error, value representation, and integration of effort. For each construct, the concept and the measures on the behavioural and neural level are discussed. The chapter then provides examples from the schizophrenia literature on the association of apathy with these functions and gives a transdiagnostic perspective on the role of reward system dysfunction.


Addiction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie L. Kunas ◽  
Heiner Stuke ◽  
Andreas Heinz ◽  
Andreas Ströhle ◽  
Felix Bermpohl

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7519
Author(s):  
Seong Shoon Yoon ◽  
Jaesuk Yun ◽  
Bong Hyo Lee ◽  
Hee Young Kim ◽  
Chae Ha Yang

Acupuncture affects the central nervous system via the regulation of neurotransmitter transmission. We previously showed that Shemen (HT7) acupoint stimulation decreased cocaine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Here, we used the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) paradigm to evaluate whether HT stimulation regulates the brain reward function of rats. We found that HT stimulation triggered a rightward shift of the frequency–rate curve and elevated the ICSS thresholds. However, HT7 stimulation did not affect the threshold-lowering effects produced by cocaine. These results indicate that HT7 points only effectively regulates the ICSS thresholds of the medial forebrain bundle in drug-naïve rats.


Author(s):  
Hans-Rudolf Berthoud ◽  
Christopher D. Morrison ◽  
Karen Ackroff ◽  
Anthony Sclafani

AbstractOmnivores, including rodents and humans, compose their diets from a wide variety of potential foods. Beyond the guidance of a few basic orosensory biases such as attraction to sweet and avoidance of bitter, they have limited innate dietary knowledge and must learn to prefer foods based on their flavors and postoral effects. This review focuses on postoral nutrient sensing and signaling as an essential part of the reward system that shapes preferences for the associated flavors of foods. We discuss the extensive array of sensors in the gastrointestinal system and the vagal pathways conveying information about ingested nutrients to the brain. Earlier studies of vagal contributions were limited by nonselective methods that could not easily distinguish the contributions of subsets of vagal afferents. Recent advances in technique have generated substantial new details on sugar- and fat-responsive signaling pathways. We explain methods for conditioning flavor preferences and their use in evaluating gut–brain communication. The SGLT1 intestinal sugar sensor is important in sugar conditioning; the critical sensors for fat are less certain, though GPR40 and 120 fatty acid sensors have been implicated. Ongoing work points to particular vagal pathways to brain reward areas. An implication for obesity treatment is that bariatric surgery may alter vagal function.


Author(s):  
Ana Agustí ◽  
Isabel Campillo ◽  
Tiziano Balzano ◽  
Alfonso Benítez-Páez ◽  
Inmaculada López-Almela ◽  
...  

AbstractFood addiction (FA) is characterized by behavioral and neurochemical changes linked to loss of food intake control. Gut microbiota may influence appetite and food intake via endocrine and neural routes. The gut microbiota is known to impact homeostatic energy mechanisms, but its role in regulating the reward system is less certain. We show that the administration of Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 (B. uniformis) in a rat FA model impacts on the brain reward response, ameliorating binge eating and decreasing anxiety-like behavior. These effects are mediated, at least in part, by changes in the levels of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline in the nucleus accumbens and in the expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the prefrontal cortex and intestine. B. uniformis reverses the fasting-induced microbiota changes and increases the abundance of species linked to healthy metabolotypes. Our data indicate that microbiota-based interventions might help to control compulsive overeating by modulating the reward response.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document