Zanamivir should be available over-the-counter in the UK, says NICE chairman

This chapter considers the markets for the trading of derivatives and commodities in the UK, which form an important part of the financial services industry of the City of London. This chapter describes the precursors of the types of trading activities that were conducted historically in the City of London and have spread to neighbouring areas of west, central, and east London for the past forty years. It also emphasizes the growth of electronic trading platforms and the rapid growth of technology that diffuses trading activities geographically. This chapter addresses the question as to whether it makes sense to continuously speak of “UK” derivatives and commodities markets, as opposed to European or international markets. It talks about over—the—counter (OTC) trades executed in the UK that often involve at least one party operating from a location outside the UK.

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Controversies Over Clearing: Regulation of Derivatives

The UK and Multi-level Financial Regulation ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198828952.003.0008 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 129-149

Author(s):

Scott James ◽

Lucia Quaglia

Keyword(s):

Euro Area ◽

Financial Stability ◽

International Level ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Legal Challenges ◽

Central Counterparties ◽

Regulatory Capacity ◽

The Uk ◽

European Markets ◽

Minimal Resistance

UK regulators supported more stringent rules regarding the clearing of over-the-counter derivatives through Central Counterparties (CCPs) on financial stability grounds. Minimal resistance to this came either from elected officials, who paid little attention to the issue, or from the derivatives industry, as many viewed reform as desirable. UK regulators were therefore able to pursue the trading-up of OTCD rules and greater harmonization to manage the cross-border externalities generated by derivatives clearing. At the international level, UK regulators acted as pace-setters to secure more prescriptive standards, leveraging their significant market power and regulatory capacity, based on London’s prominent position. But at the EU level, UK negotiators pursued a strategy of foot-dragging in opposition to European Markets Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) provisions on the scope, access, and location of CCPs. The UK also used legal challenges to block attempts to relocate the clearing of euro-denominated derivatives to the euro area.

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Over-the-Counter Medicine Use Prior to and During Hospitalization

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.1d160 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 268-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

C Alice Oborne ◽

Michal L Luzac

Keyword(s):

Hospital Stay ◽

Access To Medicines ◽

Medicine Use ◽

Health Food ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Clinical Notes ◽

Otc Drugs ◽

Drug History ◽

Minor Ailments ◽

The Uk

BACKGROUND: In the UK, medicines are being reclassified from prescription-only drugs to allow supply without prescription. This allows faster and easier access to medicines to treat minor ailments and allows patients to take greater responsibility for their health. However, over-the-counter (OTC) drugs may pose risks to patients; thus, it is important to understand patients' OTC medicine use. OBJECTIVE: To assess use of OTC drugs prior to and during hospital stay of inpatients of all ages and specialties. METHODS: Data were collected for 186 randomly selected patients. Patients were interviewed about OTC medicine use. Clinical notes and drug charts were examined for documentation of OTC medicine use. RESULTS: A total of 268 OTC medicines were used by 119 (64.0%) patients, and 117 (43.7%) were taken at least daily. Only 13 (4.9%) OTC drugs were recorded in the drug history taken at admission. Twenty-six (9.7%) OTC agents were still taken during hospitalization, but only 8 (31%) were recorded on drug charts. Patients bought 183 (68.3%) items from pharmacies, 28 (10.4%) in health food shops, and 57 (21.7%) elsewhere including supermarkets, homeopaths, or mail order. Patients had little knowledge of potential adverse effects or contraindications. CONCLUSIONS: Many patients use OTC medication prior to and during hospital stay, but documentation in hospital notes is poor. Healthcare professionals must pay closer attention to patients' use of OTC drugs.

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Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study of Homoeopathic Prophylaxis of Migraine

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1046/j.1468-2982.1997.1705600.x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 600-604 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

TE Whitmarsh ◽

DM Coleston-Shields ◽

TJ Steiner

Keyword(s):

Primary Outcome ◽

Outcome Measure ◽

Primary Outcome Measure ◽

Migraine Prophylaxis ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Attack Frequency ◽

Double Blind ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Ihs Criteria ◽

The Uk

Homoeopathic remedies for migrane are widely available over the counter, statutorily offered by the national health service in the UK, and apparently popular with patients. Do they work? Sixty-three outpatients with migraine with or without aura b IHS criteria entered a 4-month randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-groups trial of individualized homoeopathic prophylaxis, the first month being baseline with all patients on placebo. Three patients (4.8%) dropped out, leaving 30 in each treatment group. There were chance differences in attack frequency and severity between the groups at baseline (attacks were more frequent but less severe in the placebo group). Both groups improved on therapy but neither to a great extent on the primary outcome measure of attack frequency (verum: —19%; placebo: -16%). Reduction was mostly in mild attacks on placebo, more in moderate and severe attacks on homoeopathy. Few adverse events were reported. Overall, there was no significant benefit over placebo of homoeopathic treatment. The course of change differed between groups, and suggested that improvement reversed in the last month of treatment on placebo. On this evidence we cannot recommend homoeopathy for migraine prophylaxis, but cannot conclude that it is without effect.

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Extraterritoriality of the Regulations and Interconnections of the Derivatives Market: Legal Implications for East and Southeast Asia

Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology ◽

10.5817/mujlt2017-2-6 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 323-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christopher Chen

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Competition Effect ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Potential Competition ◽

Legal Implications ◽

Standard Product ◽

The Us ◽

East And Southeast Asia ◽

The Uk

This article examines the legal implications of the interconnections of the global derivatives market, such as the exchange and over-the-counter (OTC) markets, in East and Southeast Asia. First, we introduce the interconnectedness of the global derivatives market. We then examine some legal implications of such interconnectedness from several angles, such as the extraterritoriality of relevant regulations (notably the reporting, clearing and trading mandates prescribed by the G20 and the new initial margin rule), standard product documentation, the effect of substituted compliance, the potential competition effect due to shifting OTC trades to exchange trading and the effect of consolidating exchanges and/or clearing services. We approach these issues from the perspective of Asian countries in relation to development in core markets, such as those in the US, the UK and Europe.

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Dyspepsia

10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0025 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Satish Keshav ◽

Alexandra Kent

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Diagnostic Tests ◽

Acid Reflux ◽

Gi Tract ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Ulcer Disease ◽

Distal Gastric Cancer ◽

The Uk ◽

Endoscopic Assessment ◽

Upper Gastrointestinal

Dyspepsia is a term encompassing several symptoms of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including acid reflux, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain or discomfort. Up to 40% of the population suffer with dyspepsia; 5%–10% will consult their GP, and 1% will undergo endoscopic assessment. Over-the-counter medications cost patients £100 million annually, and prescribed drugs cost the NHS over £463 million annually. There is a steady rise in incidence with increasing age. Helicobacter pylori is present in 40% of the UK population, with many individuals acquiring the infection in childhood and remaining asymptomatic. It has been associated with peptic ulcer disease and distal gastric cancer. This chapter covers the approach to diagnosis, key diagnostic tests, therapies, and prognosis as well as dealing with uncertainty when it comes to the initial diagnosis.

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