Necessary and sufficient condition for the uniform law of large numbers

1985 ◽  
pp. 258-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hoffmann-Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Law Of Large Numbers ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Uniform Law ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

scholarly journals The weak law of large numbers for nonnegative summands

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (A) ◽  
pp. 241-252
Author(s):  
Eugene Seneta
Keyword(s):  
Branching Process ◽  
Law Of Large Numbers ◽  
Random Variables ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Slowly Varying Function ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Norming Sequence ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Abstract Khintchine's (necessary and sufficient) slowly varying function condition for the weak law of large numbers (WLLN) for the sum of n nonnegative, independent and identically distributed random variables is used as an overarching (sufficient) condition for the case that the number of summands is more generally [cn],cn→∞. Either the norming sequence {an},an→∞, or the number of summands sequence {cn}, can be chosen arbitrarily. This theorem generalizes results from a motivating branching process setting in which Khintchine's sufficient condition is automatically satisfied. A second theorem shows that Khintchine's condition is necessary for the generalized WLLN when it holds with cn→∞ and an→∞. Theorem 3, which is known, gives a necessary and sufficient condition for Khintchine's WLLN to hold with cn=n and an a specific function of n; it is extended to general cn subject to a growth restriction in Theorem 4. Section 6 returns to the branching process setting.

Random splittings of an interval

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 131-152
Author(s):  
T. S. Mountford ◽  
S. C. Port
Keyword(s):  
Central Limit Theorem ◽  
Limit Theorem ◽  
Law Of Large Numbers ◽  
Unit Interval ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Strong Law ◽  
The Central Limit Theorem ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Points are independently and uniformly distributed onto the unit interval. The first n—1 points subdivide the interval into n subintervals. For 1 we find a necessary and sufficient condition on {ln } for the events [Xn belongs to the ln th largest subinterval] to occur infinitely often or finitely often with probability 1. We also determine when the weak and strong laws of large numbers hold for the length of the ln th largest subinterval. The strong law of large numbers and the central limit theorem are shown to be valid for the number of times by time n the events [Xr belongs to l r th largest subinterval] occur when these events occur infinitely often.

Random splittings of an interval

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-152
Author(s):  
T. S. Mountford ◽  
S. C. Port
Keyword(s):  
Central Limit Theorem ◽  
Limit Theorem ◽  
Law Of Large Numbers ◽  
Unit Interval ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Strong Law ◽  
The Central Limit Theorem ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Points are independently and uniformly distributed onto the unit interval. The first n—1 points subdivide the interval into n subintervals. For 1 we find a necessary and sufficient condition on {ln} for the events [Xn belongs to the ln th largest subinterval] to occur infinitely often or finitely often with probability 1. We also determine when the weak and strong laws of large numbers hold for the length of the ln th largest subinterval. The strong law of large numbers and the central limit theorem are shown to be valid for the number of times by time n the events [Xr belongs to lr th largest subinterval] occur when these events occur infinitely often.

A Proposed Framework Emphasizing Auditor Reliability over Auditor Independence

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Taylor ◽  
F. Todd DeZoort ◽  
Edward Munn ◽  
Martha Wetterhall Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Auditor Independence ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
The Public ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

This paper introduces an auditor reliability framework that repositions the role of auditor independence in the accounting profession. The framework is motivated in part by widespread confusion about independence and the auditing profession's continuing problems with managing independence and inspiring public confidence. We use philosophical, theoretical, and professional arguments to argue that the public interest will be best served by reprioritizing professional and ethical objectives to establish reliability in fact and appearance as the cornerstone of the profession, rather than relationship-based independence in fact and appearance. This revised framework requires three foundation elements to control subjectivity in auditors' judgments and decisions: independence, integrity, and expertise. Each element is a necessary but not sufficient condition for maximizing objectivity. Objectivity, in turn, is a necessary and sufficient condition for achieving and maintaining reliability in fact and appearance.

The Power of Public Positions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Kantian account of political authority holds that the state is a necessary and sufficient condition of our freedom. We cannot be free outside the state, Kantians argue, because any attempt to have the “acquired rights” necessary for our freedom implicates us in objectionable relations of dependence on private judgment. Only in the state can this problem be overcome. But it is not clear how mere institutions could make the necessary difference, and contemporary Kantians have not offered compelling explanations. A detailed analysis is presented of the problems Kantians identify with the state of nature and the objections they face in claiming that the state overcomes them. A response is sketched on behalf of Kantians. The key idea is that under state institutions, a person can make claims of acquired right without presupposing that she is by nature exceptional in her capacity to bind others.

scholarly journals Lorentz Boosts and Wigner Rotations: Self-Adjoint Complexified Quaternions

Physics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-366
Author(s):  
Thomas Berry ◽  
Matt Visser
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Use Of Self ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Wigner Rotation ◽  
Inertial Frames ◽  
Explicit Formulae ◽  
Specific Implementation ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Lorentz Boosts

In this paper, Lorentz boosts and Wigner rotations are considered from a (complexified) quaternionic point of view. It is demonstrated that, for a suitably defined self-adjoint complex quaternionic 4-velocity, pure Lorentz boosts can be phrased in terms of the quaternion square root of the relative 4-velocity connecting the two inertial frames. Straightforward computations then lead to quite explicit and relatively simple algebraic formulae for the composition of 4-velocities and the Wigner angle. The Wigner rotation is subsequently related to the generic non-associativity of the composition of three 4-velocities, and a necessary and sufficient condition is developed for the associativity to hold. Finally, the authors relate the composition of 4-velocities to a specific implementation of the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff theorem. As compared to ordinary 4×4 Lorentz transformations, the use of self-adjoint complexified quaternions leads, from a computational view, to storage savings and more rapid computations, and from a pedagogical view to to relatively simple and explicit formulae.

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