Conventional kiln drying and equalization of Western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.)[Sarg]) to Japanese equilibrium moisture content

2003 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Wallace ◽  
I. D. Hartley ◽  
S. Avramidis ◽  
L. C. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Kiln Drying ◽  
Conventional Kiln Drying

Effects of release from suppression on wood functional characteristics in young Douglas-fir and western hemlock

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 2038-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi J Renninger ◽  
Barbara L Gartner ◽  
Frederick C Meinzer
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Specific Conductivity ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Growth Ring Width

Little is known of wood properties in trees that were initially suppressed and subsequently released from suppression. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in growth ring width, specific conductivity (Ks), tracheid dimensions, moisture content, and wood density in suppressed Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees and trees released from suppression averaging 12–18 years of age. Growth ring width was 370% higher for Douglas-fir and 300% higher for western hemlock trees released from suppression, and Ks was 182% higher for Douglas-fir and 42% higher for western hemlock trees released from suppression. Earlywood width was approximately four times greater after release in both species, whereas the relative increase in latewood width was much greater in Douglas-fir. Tracheids were 25% wider and 11% longer in released Douglas-fir trees. In western hemlock, released trees had 19% wider tracheids that were approximately the same length as those in suppressed trees. Moisture content was 66% greater in released Douglas-fir and 41% greater in released western hemlock. Wood density decreased by 21% in Douglas-fir trees and by 11% in western hemlock trees released from suppression. However, wood density of released trees did not differ from average reported values, implying that wood from released trees may be suitable for many of its traditional applications.

scholarly journals Velocity and uniformity of air circulation in conventional kilns for sawn timber

2012 ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Branko Kolin ◽  
Goran Milic ◽  
Igor Golic
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Coniferous Species ◽  
Kiln Drying ◽  
Conventional Kiln Drying ◽  
Sawn Timber ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Electrical Consumption ◽  
Air Circulation

This paper presents the results of a research of velocity of air circulation in the conventional kiln drying of sawn timber and its influence on the uniformity of final moisture content. The data showed that the air velocity (between 0.8 - 1.2 m?s -1) is significantly lower than the one that is optimal for timber drying of coniferous species (3 - 4 m?s-1). This results in a reduction in the capacity of installations for drying, increased energy (thermal and electrical) consumption and thereby increase in the cost of drying. The correlation between the speed of air circulation and the final MC of timber due to prolonged drying was not established. Recommendations that should eliminate the identified deficiencies are also given.

BARK MOISTURE RELATIONSHIPS IN WESTERN HEMLOCK BRANCHES INFECTED BY DWARF MISTLETOE

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1313-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Baranyay
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Good Site ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Poor Site

Investigations of bark moisture in branches of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sargent, infected by western dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium campylopodum Engelm. forma tsugensis Gill, were carried out in good and poor growing sites on the Campus Forest and Research Forest, respectively, of the University of British Columbia. Bark moisture was determined in terms of relative turgidity.Major changes in the moisture content of non-invaded bark occurred in both sites, but the changes were more pronounced in the poor site than in the good site. The relative turgidities of non-invaded bark were less than 80% for 5.9% of the sampling period, June to February inclusive, in the good site, and for 33.3% of the time in the poor site. Bark moistures were more sensitive to changes of precipitation and temperature in the poor site than in the good site, because of the shallow rooting habit of trees and the propensity of the soil in this site to drought.Dwarf mistletoe did not affect bark moisture in the non-invaded portions of branches, but the moisture content of invaded bark was variously affected depending upon the season of year and the age of the infection. When bark moistures were generally low, for example, in April in the good site and June in the poor site, the moisture content of bark that had been invaded for less than 10 years was highest at the centers of infections and lowest at the periphery. At the same time of year but in bark that had been invaded for more than 10 years, the moisture content was highest at the periphery of infections while at the centers it was similarly low to that of the non-invaded bark of the same branches. When bark moistures were generally high, for example, in July in the good site and early August in the poor site, the moisture content of bark in the young infections remained high throughout the entire invaded area. At the same time of year but in the old infections, bark moisture was lowest at the center of infections, and at these times the only portion of an infected branch having a bark moisture content of less than 80% relative turgidity was the center of infection. This may explain the successful establishment of parasitic fungi at these locations.

Analysis of the moisture content of maize kernels in over-ripe plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-430
Author(s):  
T. Árendás ◽  
L. C. Marton ◽  
P. Bónis ◽  
Z. Berzsenyi
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Maize Grain Yield ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Maize Kernels

The effect of varying weather conditions on the moisture content of the maize grain yield was investigated in Martonvásár, Hungary from late August to late September, and from the 3rd third of September to the 1st third of Novemberbetween 1999 and 2002. In every year a close positive correlation (P=0.1%) could be observed between the moisture content in late September and the rate of drying down in October. Linear regression was used each year to determine the equilibrium moisture content, to which the moisture content of kernels returned if they contained less than this quantity of water in late September and harvesting was delayed. In the experimental years this value ranged from 15.24-19.01%.

Growth ofPseudotsuga menziesiiandTsuga heterophyllaseedlings along a light gradient: resource allocation and morphological acclimation

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 1424-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mailly ◽  
J. P. Kimmins
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Light Gradient ◽  
Relative Light Intensity

Silvicultural alternatives that differ in the degree of overstory removal may create shady environments that will be problematic for the regeneration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Gradients of light in the field were used to compare mortality, growth, and leaf morphological acclimation of two conifer species of contrasting shade tolerances: Douglas-fir and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). Results after two growing seasons indicated that Douglas-fir mortality occurred mainly at relative light intensity (RLI) below 20%, while western hemlock mortality was evenly distributed along the light gradient. Height, diameter, and biomass of the planted seedlings increased with increasing light for both species but at different rates, and maximum biomass accumulation always occurred in the open. Douglas-fir allocated more resources to stem biomass than western hemlock, which accumulated more foliage biomass. Increases in specific leaf area for Douglas-fir seedlings occurred at RLI ≤ 0.4 and red/far red (R/FR) ratio ≤ 0.6, which appear to be the minimal optimum light levels for growth. Conversely, western hemlock seedlings adjusted their leaf morphology in a more regular pattern, and changes were less pronounced at low light levels. These results, along with early mortality results for Douglas-fir, suggest that the most successful way to artificially regenerate this species may be by allowing at least 20% of RLI for ensuring survival and at least 40% RLI for optimum growth. Key words: light, light quality, leaf morphology, acclimation.

Equilibrium moisture content of dead fine fuels of selected central European tree species

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schunk ◽  
Clemens Leutner ◽  
Michael Leuchner ◽  
Clemens Wastl ◽  
Annette Menzel
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Fire Danger ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Central European ◽  
Fine Fuels

Fine fuel moisture content is a key parameter in fire danger and behaviour applications. For modelling purposes, equilibrium moisture content (EMC) curves are an important input parameter. This paper provides EMC data for central European fuels and adds methodological considerations that can be used to improve existing test procedures. Litter samples of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) were subjected to three different experiments using conditioning in a climate chamber and above saturated salt solutions. Climate chamber conditioning yielded the best results and can generally be recommended, however saturated salt solutions are able to produce lower relative humidities, which are relevant to forest fire applications as they represent the highest fire danger. Results were within the range of published sorption isotherms for forest fine fuels. A fairly clear gradation was present with higher EMC values in leaf litters than in needle litters. These differences are in accord with values from the literature and suggest general differences in the sorption properties of leaves and needles, which may be caused by differing chemical and physical properties. The influence of temperature on EMC described in the literature could be confirmed.

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