Incentive and welfare implications of cross-holdings in oligopoly

Bill Gates recently argued that philanthropy by households at the top of the income distribution might help ameliorate income inequality, and that tax policies should take this into account. Much of the research in economics on giving has been focused on middle-income households, so we know very little about the motives for giving by the very rich. We provide some initial evidence on what drives the giving of the richest Americans. First, we extrapolate anthropological evidence on how status concerns might influence philanthropy. Second, since the richest own a significant amount of equity, we use the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Act of 2003 to see how their giving responded to unanticipated tax cuts, particularly for dividends. Third, we consider the welfare implications of philanthropy as opposed to alternative models for redistributing the wealth of the extremely rich.

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Australia – Anti-Dumping Measures on A4 Copy Paper: Opening a Door to More Anti-Dumping Investigations

World Trade Review ◽

10.1017/s147474562100015x ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Antonia Eliason ◽

Matteo Fiorini

Keyword(s):

Environmental Effects ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Competitive Market ◽

Panel Report ◽

Key Points ◽

Imperfectly Competitive ◽

Market Situation ◽

Relative Attractiveness ◽

Welfare Implications

Abstract This paper analyzes the Australia – Anti-Dumping Measures on A4 Copy Paper panel report, the second recent WTO dispute to involve a challenge to Indonesia's paper industry. The Indonesian paper industry benefits from reduced-cost inputs because of the Indonesian government's influence and subsidies over the timber and pulp market. The report offers the first interpretation of ‘particular market situation’ under Article 2.2 of the WTO's Anti-Dumping Agreement. At the same time, it raises questions regarding the appropriateness of using anti-dumping measures to address what are fundamentally subsidy issues. While the panel ultimately found that Australia's measure was inconsistent with Article 2.2, the paper shows that the panel's interpretation of ‘particular market situation’ increases the relative attractiveness of using anti-dumping duties instead of countervailing measures. Two key points on the welfare implications of the decision can be made. The first relates to the motivations of the Australian paper industry and the imperfectly competitive market in which Australian Paper operates. The second is the importance of challenging subsidies rather than imposing anti-dumping duties where the subsidies in question have negative environmental effects.

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Who Gets Utility from Bequests? The Distributive and Welfare Implications for a Consumption Tax

Stanford Law Review ◽

10.2307/1229438 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 641 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Barbara H. Fried

Keyword(s):

Consumption Tax ◽

Welfare Implications

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Dog Tethering in Slovakia: Legal, Ethical and Behavioral Aspects and Dog Welfare Implications

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030594 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 594

Author(s):

Daniela Takáčová ◽

Lenka Skurková ◽

Lýdia Mesarčová ◽

Lenka Lešková ◽

Lucia Kottferová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Safety ◽

Basic Needs ◽

Point Of View ◽

Animal Protection ◽

Legal Rules ◽

Behavioral Aspects ◽

Welfare Implications ◽

Individual Features ◽

Physical Comfort

Long-term tethering of dogs, or their keeping under unsuitable conditions can result in issues related to changes in their behavior as they may not satisfy their basic needs of life. These needs are discussed in this paper, along with cases when dogs unnecessarily have to endure cruelty and pain. The unavoidable tethering of a dog must not cause trauma and must be arranged in a way that it guarantees physical comfort. Failure to meet the basic needs of an animal may result in manifestation of fear and subsequent aggressiveness. Owners of animals are responsible for their life and health, and their obligations include eliminating the possibility of them hurting themselves or other beings. The relevant adopted legislative provisions should provide protection to animals and be enforceable, which currently appears rather difficult. Controlling and observation of the legislative provisions related to the tethering of dogs raises some difficulties for animal protection inspectors. It is necessary to focus on the specificities of keeping conditions of various dog breeds and on their individual features. Based on research and the relevant Slovak legislative provisions, this paper discusses various views on the practice of tethering dogs from the point of view of public safety and the ethical consequences of permanent dog tethering. Data on dog tethering in Slovakia were evaluated based on a survey and Slovak legal rules governing this issue were analyzed along with various views of public safety and the ethical consequences of permanent dog tethering.

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