scholarly journals Australia – Anti-Dumping Measures on A4 Copy Paper: Opening a Door to More Anti-Dumping Investigations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Antonia Eliason ◽  
Matteo Fiorini
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Competitive Market ◽  
Panel Report ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Imperfectly Competitive ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Relative Attractiveness ◽  
Welfare Implications

Abstract This paper analyzes the Australia – Anti-Dumping Measures on A4 Copy Paper panel report, the second recent WTO dispute to involve a challenge to Indonesia's paper industry. The Indonesian paper industry benefits from reduced-cost inputs because of the Indonesian government's influence and subsidies over the timber and pulp market. The report offers the first interpretation of ‘particular market situation’ under Article 2.2 of the WTO's Anti-Dumping Agreement. At the same time, it raises questions regarding the appropriateness of using anti-dumping measures to address what are fundamentally subsidy issues. While the panel ultimately found that Australia's measure was inconsistent with Article 2.2, the paper shows that the panel's interpretation of ‘particular market situation’ increases the relative attractiveness of using anti-dumping duties instead of countervailing measures. Two key points on the welfare implications of the decision can be made. The first relates to the motivations of the Australian paper industry and the imperfectly competitive market in which Australian Paper operates. The second is the importance of challenging subsidies rather than imposing anti-dumping duties where the subsidies in question have negative environmental effects.

scholarly journals Dual-Labor Market and Unemployment Compensation

ECONOMICS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
Taro Abe
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Competitive Market ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Dual Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Compensation ◽  
Imperfectly Competitive ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Demand Constraint ◽  
Economic Regime

AbstractThis paper discusses the impact of unemployment compensation on the employment and wages of regular and non-regular labor in a dual-labor market. The model in this paper assumes an effective demand constraint and an imperfectly competitive market. The results obtained are as follows. An increase in unemployment compensation increases the wages of regular labor to maintain its productivity. However, this temporarily decreases the employment of regular labor, so that the productivity and wages of non-regular labor decrease. The result is an increase in the relative wage rate of regular labor and the relative amount of non-regular labor employed. This result is independent of any economic regime. In terms of the impact on employment volume, the existence of two regimes, one wage-driven and one profit-driven, is confirmed. However, the effect on employment is weaker if unemployment compensation is financed by taxing profits.

scholarly journals Panel Report on eu—Biodiesel: A Glass Half Full?—Implications for the Rising Issue of “Particular Market Situation”

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihuan Zhou ◽  
Andrew Percival
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
World Trade ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Normal Value ◽  
Panel Report ◽  
The World ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Positive Step

This article provides a detailed analysis of the World Trade Organisation (“wto”) panel report on the eu—Biodiesel dispute which represents the latest development of the wto jurisprudence on anti-dumping. The panel’s decision has significant implications for the rising use of Particular Market Situation (“pms”) by traditional users of anti-dumping (such as Australia) against economies like China in anti-dumping investigations. The panel correctly established that a finding of pms does not provide a sufficient ground for the use of surrogate costs in the determination of constructed normal value (“cnv”) and that the use of that methodology would result in the imposition of anti-dumping duties in excess of dumping margins that should have been established consistently with the wto Anti-Dumping Agreement, that is, by using actual costs recorded by exporters under investigation. It is argued that both Australia’s anti-dumping laws which essentially authorise the use of surrogate costs in the construction of normal value solely based on a finding of pms and Australia’s use of that methodology in practice are contrary to wto rules. The panel’s decision, therefore, is a positive step toward the resolution of the issues related to pms by imposing constraints on the use of a protectionist methodology in determining cnv so as to prevent unjustified inflation of dumping margins and anti-dumping duties.

The Appellate Body's GSP decision

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVE CHARNOVITZ ◽  
LORAND BARTELS ◽  
ROBERT HOWSE ◽  
JANE BRADLEY ◽  
JOOST PAUWELYN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Panel Report ◽  
World Community ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The World ◽  
Party Support

CHARNOVITZ: The Appellate Body's decision in the Tariff Preferences case demonstrates the value of a second-level review of panel decisions. Notwithstanding the composition of the panel – which was as highly qualified, balanced, and diverse as any panel could possibly be – the panel issued a decision that met widespread disapproval. In what is probably a record for third-party support of the plaintiff, eight countries asked the Appellate Body to reverse key points. Happily, the Appellate Body did reverse many of the troubling holdings in the panel report. Unhappily for the world community, the Appellate Body did not have an opportunity to review the panel's interpretation of GATT Article XX, which (like many previous panels) has chiseled away at vital exceptions.

Role of Agility in the Banking Sector in Competitive Globalization Era

2020 ◽  
pp. 317-334
Author(s):  
Kagan Cenk Mızrak ◽  
Filiz Mızrak
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Organization Structure ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Competitive Market ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Key Points

In today's rapidly changing market conditions, organizations need to be agile to gain a competitive market advantage. This chapter details the key points required for agility. Although there has been ongoing discussion whether finance and banking sector can be agile due to rigid structures, processes, and regulators, the chapter aims to prove the vital role of agility in banking sector with the case of Garanti Bank. Thanks to the case, the strategies both on the basis organization structure and marketing level that banks need to apply in agile transformation process, have been exemplified. As a result of the case, the importance of flexibility, speed, monitoring the latest trend, making quick decisions, and being customer-focused in the banking sector is stressed. On the other hand, banks are suggested to engage all their units, shareholders together with their customers in the process to have a more smooth translation.

Sublethal Toxicity Findings by the Pulp and Paper Industry for Cycles 1 and 2 of the Environmental Effects Monitoring Program

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Scroggins ◽  
Jennifer A. Miller ◽  
Anne I. Borgmann ◽  
John B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Sublethal Toxicity ◽  
Biological Surveys ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents ◽  
Environmental Effects Monitoring

Abstract Sublethal toxicity tests successfully measured the improved quality of pulp mill effluents from the first cycle of environmental effects monitoring (1992–1996) to the second cycle (1997–2000). Test endpoints showed notable shifts to higher concentrations (less toxic). During the second cycle of monitoring, significantly more tests showed no effect in full-strength effluent. Five case studies were considered as part of this exercise. Most of the improvement came with installation of secondary treatment. Twelve Ontario mills with secondary treatment showed reduced toxicity, compared to results with primary treatment. All 29 sets of sublethal data showed higher IC25s during the second cycle, and 23 of these differences were statistically significant. Any other changes between the two cycles of study caused only marginal overall improvement in toxicity, judging by 12 freshwater mills in British Columbia which had secondary treatment during both cycles. Sublethal tests successfully predicted the zone of potential effect in receiving water, agreeing with effects observed in biological surveys. Overlapping zones from multiple discharges could also be demonstrated. In a situation near Niagara Falls, sublethal tests estimated the proportions of toxic loading that four mills contributed to one water body. The prediction was realistic; the actual toxicity found for a mixed effluent was 57% of that predicted from separate toxicities. The conservative prediction agrees with the usual less-than-additive sublethal action of combined toxicants.

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