Tolerance and cross-tolerance to the rate-suppressing effects of opioids in butorphanol-treated rats: influence of maintenance dose and relative efficacy at the mu receptor

1998 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Smith ◽  
M. J. Picker
Keyword(s):  
Maintenance Dose ◽  
Relative Efficacy ◽  
Cross Tolerance ◽  
Mu Receptor

Interactions between opioids and cocaine on locomotor activity in rats: influence of an opioid's relative efficacy at the mu receptor

2003 ◽  
Vol 167 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Smith ◽  
Keith A. Gordon ◽  
Christopher K. Craig ◽  
Paul A. Bryant ◽  
M. Eric Ferguson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Relative Efficacy ◽  
Mu Receptor

scholarly journals Interactions Between Opioids and Dextroamphetamine on Locomotor Activity: Influence of an Opioid's Relative Efficacy at the Mu Receptor

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Smith ◽  
Shannon L. Ballard ◽  
Clarise F. Ballesteros ◽  
Samantha A. Bonge ◽  
Alexander T. Casimir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Opioid Receptor ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Relative Efficacy ◽  
High Efficacy ◽  
Kappa Agonist ◽  
Mu Receptor ◽  
Opioid Receptor Antagonists

Opioids and stimulants are often used in combination for both recreational and non-recreational purposes. High-efficacy mu opioid agonists generally increase the behavioral effects of stimulants, whereas opioid receptor antagonists generally attenuate the behavioral effects of stimulants; however, less is known regarding the interactions between stimulants and opioids possessing low to intermediate efficacy at the mu receptor. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of an opioid's relative efficacy at the mu receptor in altering the behavioral effects of dextro(d-)amphetamine. To this end, opioids possessing a range of relative efficacy at the mu receptor were examined alone and in combination with cumulative doses of d-amphetamine on a test of open-field, locomotor activity in male rats. Levorphanol, buprenorphine, butorphanol, nalbuphine, (-)-pentazocine, (-)-metazocine, (-)-cyclazocine, (-)-NANM, and nalorphine increased the locomotor effects of d-amphetamine in either an additive or greater-than-additive manner according to an effect-additive model. Only the selective, high-efficacy kappa agonist, spiradoline, and the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, failed to increase the effects of d-amphetamine under the conditions examined. These data indicate that opioids possessing a large range of relative efficacy at the mu receptor, including those possessing very low relative efficacy, significantly increase the locomotor effects of d-amphetamine.

Social and environmental influences on opioid sensitivity in rats: importance of an opioid’s relative efficacy at the mu-receptor

2005 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Smith ◽  
Kara A. Chisholm ◽  
Paul A. Bryant ◽  
Jennifer L. Greene ◽  
Jacob M. McClean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Relative Efficacy ◽  
Mu Receptor ◽  
Opioid Sensitivity

The Relative Efficacy of Intuitive and Analytical Cognition: A Second Direct Comparison

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Hammond ◽  
Robert M. Hamm ◽  
Janet Grassia ◽  
Tamra Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Relative Efficacy

Relative efficacy of self-monitored and externally imposed reinforcement systems.

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (2, Pt.1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Bandura ◽  
Bernard Perloff
Keyword(s):  
Relative Efficacy

Predicting Daily Maintenance Dose of Fluindione, an Oral Anticoagulant Drug

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (05) ◽  
pp. 731-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Cazaux ◽  
B Gauthier ◽  
A Elias ◽  
D Lefebvre ◽  
J Tredez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Maintenance Dose ◽  
Successive Approximations ◽  
Hemorrhagic Complication ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Anticoagulant Drug ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Daily Maintenance Dose

SummaryDue to large inter-individual variations, the dose of vitamin K antagonist required to target the desired hypocoagulability is hardly predictible for a given patient, and the time needed to reach therapeutic equilibrium may be excessively long. This work reports on a simple method for predicting the daily maintenance dose of fluindione after the third intake. In a first step, 37 patients were delivered 20 mg of fluindione once a day, at 6 p.m. for 3 consecutive days. On the morning of the 4th day an INR was performed. During the following days the dose was adjusted to target an INR between 2 and 3. There was a good correlation (r = 0.83, p<0.001) between the INR performed on the morning of day 4 and the daily maintenance dose determined later by successive approximations. This allowed us to write a decisional algorithm to predict the effective maintenance dose of fluindione from the INR performed on day 4. The usefulness and the safety of this approach was tested in a second prospective study on 46 patients receiving fluindione according to the same initial scheme. The predicted dose was compared to the effective dose soon after having reached the equilibrium, then 30 and 90 days after. To within 5 mg (one quarter of a tablet), the predicted dose was the effective dose in 98%, 86% and 81% of the patients at the 3 times respectively. The mean time needed to reach the therapeutic equilibrium was reduced from 13 days in the first study to 6 days in the second study. No hemorrhagic complication occurred. Thus the strategy formerly developed to predict the daily maintenance dose of warfarin from the prothrombin time ratio or the thrombotest performed 3 days after starting the treatment may also be applied to fluindione and the INR measurement.

Predicting the Dose of Warfarin for Therapeutic Anticoagulation

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (03) ◽  
pp. 230-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
N K Sharma ◽  
P A Routledge ◽  
M D Rawlins ◽  
D M Davies
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Range ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Maintenance Dose ◽  
Warfarin Dose ◽  
Loading Dose ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Therapeutic Anticoagulation ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anticoagulant Response

SummaryThe validity of a previously described technique for predicting warfarin requirements based on the anticoagulant response to a fixed loading dose was assessed prospectively in 57 patients. There was a close relationship between the predicted and initially observed daily warfarin dose required to maintain the patient within the therapeutic range for anticoagulation. The significant relationship between predicted and observed maintenance dose persisted at 4 and 12 weeks although it decreased with increasing time.The relationship between observed and predicted maintenance requirement of warfarin was not affected by the concomitant use of intermittent intravenous injections of heparin when 9 hr was allowed to elapse between the previous dose of heparin and the thrombotest estimation on which the prediction was based.It is concluded that the method is valuable in predicting an individual’s warfarin requirement, although it does not obviate the need for regular monitoring of anticoagulant control.

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