Background: Previous surveys have identified variations in practice patterns related to epidural
steroid injections. Since then, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required the
addition of drug warning labels for injectable corticosteroids. Updated evidence, as well as scrutiny
from regulatory agencies, may affect practice patterns.
Objective: To provide an update on interlaminar epidural steroid injection (ILESI) practice patterns,
we surveyed interventional pain management (IPM) physicians in the United States.
Study Design and Setting: This was a cross-sectional survey of IPM physicians in the United
States.
Methods: A web-based survey was distributed to IPM physicians in the United States selected
from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited pain medicine fellowship
program list as well as the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians membership database.
Physicians were queried about ILESI practices, including needle size, use of image guidance, level of
injection, identification of the epidural space, and preference for injectate.
Results: A total of 249 responses were analyzed. All respondents used image guidance for ILESI.
There were variations in needle size, use of contrast, number of fluoroscopic views utilized, technique
for identifying the epidural space, and choice of injectate.
Limitations: The response rate is a limitation, thus the results may not be representative of all
United States IPM physicians.
Conclusions: Though all respondents used image guidance for ILESI, variations in other ILESI
practices still exist. Since the closure of this survey, a multi-society pain workgroup published
recommendations regarding ESI practices. Our survey findings support the need for more evidencebased guidelines regarding ESI.
Key words: Epidural injection, epidural steroids, survey, low back pain, neck pain, technique
Practice Patterns and In-Hospital Outcomes Associated With Bivalirudin Use Among Patients With Non–ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in the United States
