The association of online search interest with polio cases and vaccine coverage: an infodemiological and ecological study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elbert John V. Layug ◽  
Adrian I. Espiritu ◽  
Loudella V. Calotes-Castillo ◽  
Roland Dominic G. Jamora
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Online Search

The association of online search interest with polio cases and vaccine coverage: an infodemiological and ecological study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elbert John V. Layug ◽  
Adrian I. Espiritu ◽  
Loudella V. Calotes–Castillo ◽  
Roland Dominic G Jamora
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Search Volume ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Unit Increase

Abstract Background: Achievement of universal eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis has remained a challenge. Despite the general decline in cases, multiple outbreaks attributed to poor vaccination still occur. Noncompliance from vaccination can be improved through education on various media platforms. In the internet age, online health-seeking behavior plays a significant role in this regard. Hence, our study investigated the association between global online search interest in polio with the number of polio cases and vaccination coverage.Methods: This infodemiological and ecological study utilized Google Trends’ search volume index (SVI) for “polio” and the World Health Organization data on the number of polio cases (PC) and vaccine coverage rate (VCR) per country between 2006 to 2019. Associations between SVI for “polio” with PC and with VCR were evaluated.Results: From the years 2006 to 2019, the global inquiry for this term was highest (i.e., SVI at 100) last October 2018. There is a direct correlation between the SVI for “polio” and PC while there is an inverse relationship between SVI and VCR per country per year. Both relationships have weak- to moderate strength of associations. Based on our models, a one-unit increase in the SVI leads to a 3.8% increase in the number of polio cases. On the other hand, a one-unit increase in the SVI leads to a 0.01% decrease in the VCR. Conclusions: Dynamic changes in global SVIs for polio may reflect fluctuations in the number of polio cases and rates of vaccine coverage. Our study brings into light the largely untapped and potential use of online search behavior for polio to anticipate changes in PC and VCR in real-time.

scholarly journals What school-level and area-level factors influenced HPV and MenACWY vaccine coverage in England in 2016/2017? An ecological study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e029087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Tiley ◽  
Joanne White ◽  
Nick Andrews ◽  
Elise Tessier ◽  
Mary Ramsay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
School Level ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
School Type ◽  
Special Schools ◽  
Jewish Schools

ObjectiveTo describe school-level and area-level factors that influence coverage of the school-delivered human papillomavirus (HPV) and meningococcal A, C, W and Y (MenACWY) programmes among adolescents.DesignEcological study.Setting and participantsAggregated 2016/2017 data from year 9 pupils were received from 1407 schools for HPV and 1432 schools for MenACWY. The unit of analysis was the school.Primary and secondary outcome measuresOutcome measures were percentage point (pp) difference in vaccine coverage by schools’ religious affiliation, school type, urban/rural, single sex/mixed and region. A subanalysis of mixed-sex, state-funded secondary schools also included deprivation, proportion of population from black and ethnic minorities, and school size.ResultsMuslim and Jewish schools had significantly lower coverage than schools of no religious character for HPV (24.0 (95% CI −38.2 to −9.8) and 20.5 (95% CI −30.7 to −10.4) pp lower, respectively) but not for MenACWY. Independent, special schools and pupil referral units had increasingly lower vaccine coverage compared with state-funded secondary schools for both HPV and MenACWY. For both vaccines, coverage was 2 pp higher in rural schools than in urban schools and lowest in London. Compared with mixed schools, HPV coverage was higher in male-only (3.7 pp, 95% CI 0.2 to 7.2) and female-only (4.8 pp, 95% CI 2 to 7.6) schools. In the subanalysis, schools located in least deprived areas had the highest coverage for both vaccines (3.8 (95% CI 0.9 to 6.8) and 10.4 (95% CI 7.0 to 13.8) pp for HPV and MenACWY, respectively), and the smallest schools had the lowest coverage (−10.4 (95% CI −14.1 to −6.8) and −7.9 (95% CI −12 to −3.8) for HPV and MenACWY, respectively).ConclusionsTailored approaches are required to improve HPV vaccine coverage in Muslim and Jewish schools. In addition, better ways of reaching pupils in smaller specialist schools are needed.

scholarly journals BCG Vaccination and Mortality of COVID-19 across 173 Countries: An Ecological Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuyoshi Urashima ◽  
Katharina Otani ◽  
Yasutaka Hasegawa ◽  
Taisuke Akutsu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Insufficient Physical Activity ◽  
Pcr Test

Ecological studies have suggested fewer COVID-19 morbidities and mortalities in Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated countries than BCG-non-vaccinated countries. However, these studies obtained data during the early phase of the pandemic and did not adjust for potential confounders, including PCR-test numbers per population (PCR-tests). Currently—more than four months after declaration of the pandemic—the BCG-hypothesis needs reexamining. An ecological study was conducted by obtaining data of 61 factors in 173 countries, including BCG vaccine coverage (%), using morbidity and mortality as outcomes, obtained from open resources. ‘Urban population (%)’ and ‘insufficient physical activity (%)’ in each country was positively associated with morbidity, but not mortality, after adjustment for PCR-tests. On the other hand, recent BCG vaccine coverage (%) was negatively associated with mortality, but not morbidity, even with adjustment for percentage of the population ≥ 60 years of age, morbidity, PCR-tests and other factors. The results of this study generated a hypothesis that a national BCG vaccination program seems to be associated with reduced mortality of COVID-19, although this needs to be further examined and proved by randomized clinical trials.

Impact of an accelerated measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine schedule on vaccine coverage: An ecological study among London children, 2012–2018

Vaccine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Lacy ◽  
Elise Tessier ◽  
Nick Andrews ◽  
Joanne White ◽  
Mary Ramsay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Schedule

scholarly journals Indirect Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Weekly Trends in Morbidity and Mortality Indicators in Brazil, 2020 to 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadher Percio ◽  
Cibelle Mendes Cabral ◽  
Francieli Fontana Sutile Tardetti Fantinato ◽  
Lely Stella Guzmán Barrera ◽  
Wildo Navegantes de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Poisson Model ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Mortality Incidence ◽  
Incidence Of Hospitalization

Abstract Background: With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, safe and efficacious vaccines were quickly developed and made available to reduce its morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to describe the trends and evaluate the association of COVID-19 vaccination with indicators of morbidity and mortality due to the disease in Brazil.Methods: This was an ecological study whose unit of analysis was the time elapsed between February 16th, 2020, from the introduction of COVID-19 in Brazil and July 17th, 2021, six months after the start of vaccination in the country. From secondary databases, indicators of morbidity and mortality (incidence of hospitalization, proportion of severe cases, lethality and mortality) and vaccine coverage (doses 1, 2 or single dose) per epidemiological week (EW) and age groups were calculated (18 to 59 years and 60 years or older). Indicators of morbimortality were compared in the pre-vaccination (EW 8/2020 to EW 2/2021) and vaccination (EW 3/2021 to EW 28/2021) periods, analyzing the trends estimated using the JointPoint model and their associations using the Poisson model.Results: For individuals aged 60 years and over, during the period of COVID-19 vaccination there was a weekly trend towards a reduction in the incidence of hospitalizations (PMSV: -4.7%), severity (PMSV: -0.3%, lethality (PMSV: -2.0%) and mortality (PMSV: -2.8%); the increase in COVID-19 vaccination coverage was inversely associated with the incidence of hospitalizations (IRR: 0.969), lethality (IRR: 0.993), and mortality (IRR: 0.981). For individuals aged 18 to 59 years of age, during the period of COVID-19 vaccination there was a weekly trend towards a reduction in the incidence of hospitalizations (PMSV: -2.6%) and lethality (PMSV: -2.0%), while there was an increase in mortality (PMSV: 3.8%); the increase in COVID-19 vaccination coverage was inversely associated with the incidence of hospitalizations (IRR: 0.975) and lethality (IRR: 0.939). Conversely, it was directly associated with mortality (IRR: 1.054).Conclusions: it was demonstrated that COVID-19 vaccination had an indirect impact in reducing the morbidity and mortality trend from the disease in Brazil, especially in the elderly population, in which vaccination was prioritized and achieved greater coverage, when compared to individuals aged 18 to 59 years.

scholarly journals Decreased varicella and increased herpes zoster incidence at a sentinel medical deputising service in a setting of increasing varicella vaccine coverage in Victoria, Australia, 1998 to 2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (41) ◽  
Author(s):  
H A Kelly ◽  
K A Grant ◽  
H Gidding ◽  
K S Carville
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Herpes Zoster Incidence ◽  
Ongoing Monitoring

We performed an ecological study using sentinel consultation data from a medical deputising service to assess the impact of increasing coverage with childhood varicella vaccine on the incidence risk of varicella and zoster in the population served by the deputising service in Victoria, Australia from 1998 to 2012. Following a successful vaccination programme, the incidence of varicella in Australia was modelled to decrease and the incidence of zoster to increase, based on a theoretical decrease in boosting of zoster immunity following a decrease in wild varicella virus circulation due to vaccination. Incidence risks (consultation proportions for varicella and zoster) were directly age-standardised to the Melbourne population in 2000, when varicella vaccine was first available. Age-standardised varicella incidence risk peaked in 2000 and halved by 2012. Age-standardised zoster incidence risk remained constant from 1998 to 2002, but had almost doubled by 2012. The increase in zoster consultations largely reflected increases in people younger than 50 years-old. Although causality cannot be inferred from ecological studies, it is generally agreed that the decrease in varicella incidence is due to increasing varicella vaccine coverage. The possible indirect effect of the vaccine on zoster incidence is less clear and ongoing monitoring of zoster is required.

Traces of Past Sami Forest Use: An Ecological Study of Culturally Modified Trees and Earlier Land Use Within a Boreal Forest Reserve

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Östlund ◽  
Tysk Staffan Ericsson ◽  
Olle Zackrisson ◽  
Rikard Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Culturally Modified Trees ◽  
Forest Use

Ecological Study of Two Schools

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-219
Author(s):  
Alfred L. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study
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