scholarly journals Foraging patterns of acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) on valley oak (Quercus lobata Née) in two California oak savanna-woodlands

Oecologia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Scofield ◽  
Victor Ryan Alfaro ◽  
Victoria L. Sork ◽  
Delphine Grivet ◽  
Edith Martinez ◽  
...  
2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1113-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin E. McMahon ◽  
Ian S. Pearse ◽  
Walter D. Koenig ◽  
Eric L. Walters

Forest communities change in response to shifting climate, changing land use, and species introductions, as well as the interactions of established species. We surveyed the oak (Quercus L. spp.) community and Acorn Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus (Swainson, 1827)) population within 230 ha of oak forest and savanna in central coastal California in 1979 and 2013 to assess demographic changes over a timescale relevant to mature oaks. Overall, percent canopy cover increased, particularly where coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia Née) and California black oak (Quercus kelloggii Newberry) were most abundant. The density of stems of Q. agrifolia increased, whereas the density of stems and basal area of valley oak (Quercus lobata Née), a species favored by Acorn Woodpeckers, decreased. The number of Acorn Woodpeckers and woodpecker territories increased over the study period, coincident with the increase in percent canopy cover; however, these increases were not related spatially. Instead, increased acorn production associated with broad-scale canopy growth likely more than compensated for the loss of Q. lobata. Our findings suggest that forests in this area are becoming denser and savanna is becoming more open, which so far has supported an increase in the Acorn Woodpecker population, despite potential habitat loss if Q. lobata continues to decline.


The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter D. Koenig ◽  
Lauryn S. Benedict

Abstract We compared species composition, insect parasitism, and mass of acorns stored in 12 granaries with acorns present within the territories of Acorn Woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) at Hastings Reservation in central coastal California. All three species of oaks present in the study area produced excellent crops the year of the study, and thus woodpeckers could readily have filled their granaries with acorns of any one of the species. Nonetheless, species composition of stored acorns was highly variable among territories and at least some acorns of all three species were stored in all granaries. There was no consistent difference in insect parasitism between stored and unstored acorns. Relative to estimated availability, birds preferred to store Quercus lobata acorns and avoided Q. douglasii acorns, but showed no preference for Q. agrifolia acorns even though they are energetically more valuable than the other two species. Stored acorns of two of the three oak species also weighed less, and were thus presumably smaller, than the average unstored acorn. On average, Acorn Woodpeckers did not maximize the energetic value of their stores and could have increased the energy stored in their granaries by 14–108% had they chosen larger acorns or more energetically rich Q. agrifolia acorns. Storing may be better understood in a more traditional optimal foraging context in which the costs of harvesting and caching, together with the energetic value of stored acorns, are considered together. Tamaño, Parasitismo por Insectos y Valor Energético de Bellotas Almacenadas por el Carpintero Melanerpes formicivorus Resumen. Comparamos la composición de especies, parasitismo por insectos y masa de bellotas almacenadas en 12 graneros presentes adentro de territorios de Melanerpes formicivorus, en la Reserva Hastings en la costa central de California. Las tres especies de roble presentes en el área de estudio produjeron excelentes cosechas durante el año de estudio, por lo que los pájaros carpinteros podrían haber llenado fácilmente sus graneros con bellotas de cualquiera de las especies. A pesar de esto, la composición de especies de las bellotas almacenadas fue altamente variable entre territorios y en todos los graneros fueron almacenadas al menos algunas bellotas de cada una de las tres especies. No hubo una diferencia consistente en el parasitismo por insectos entre bellotas almacenadas y no almacenadas. En relación a la disponibilidad estimada, las aves prefirieron almacenar bellotas de Quercus lobata y evitaron las bellotas de Q. douglasii, pero no mostraron preferencia por bellotas de Q. agrifolia, aunque éstas son energéticamente más valiosas que las bellotas de las otras dos especies. Las bellotas almacenadas de dos de las tres especies de roble fueron menos pesadas, y presumiblemente fueron más pequeñas, que la bellota promedio no almacenada. En promedio, M. formicivorus no maximizó el valor energético de sus provisiones, aunque podría haber incrementado la energía almacenada en sus graneros en un 14–108% si hubiera elegido bellotas más grandes y bellotas más energéticas de Q. agrifolia. La acción de almacenar puede ser mejor entendida en un contexto de forrajeo óptimo más tradicional, en el que los costos de cosechar y ocultar, junto al valor energético de las bellotas almacenadas, son considerados juntos.


2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Sage ◽  
Walter D. Koenig ◽  
Blair C. McLaughlin

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-350
Author(s):  
Walter D. Koenig ◽  
Justyn T. Stahl

Abstract Acorn Woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) at Hastings Reservation in central coastal California exhibit a bimodal peak in annual breeding activity. One peak occurs in spring during which the majority of breeding takes place, while a second is centered in late August as the new acorn crop matures. These latter nests are mostly initiated in late summer but often do not fledge until at least late September and are thus referred to here as ‘fall’ nests. Fall nests occur in about one-third of all years, taking place when the acorn crop is large and summer temperatures are relatively high. Fledglings from fall nests constitute 4.3% of the population's total productivity and survive and recruit to the population at levels comparable to spring fledglings. Fall nesting is less likely in groups in which either the male or female breeding adults have undergone a change from the prior year, but groups are otherwise indistinguishable. Ecologically, fall nesting is closely tied to the acorn crop and thus to breeding success in the following, rather than the prior, spring. Among North American terrestrial birds in general, fall breeding has been reported in 16% of all species and is significantly more common among residents and colonially nesting species, in which the frequency exceeds 25%. Furthermore, fall nesting is likely to have been underreported in the literature. Thus, this phenomenon is at least an irregular part of the breeding biology of a substantial fraction of North American birds and should be considered a possibility in population studies of temperate-zone species. This is especially true given that fall nesting is likely to increase as global warming takes place.


2011 ◽  
Vol 172 (5) ◽  
pp. 691-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saji T. Abraham ◽  
David N. Zaya ◽  
Walter D. Koenig ◽  
Mary V. Ashley

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1257-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Pardo ◽  
Eric L Walters ◽  
Walter D Koenig

Abstract Triadic awareness, or knowledge of the relationships between others, is essential to navigating many complex social interactions. While some animals maintain relationships with former group members post-dispersal, recognizing cross-group relationships between others may be more cognitively challenging than simply recognizing relationships between members of a single group because there is typically much less opportunity to observe interactions between individuals that do not live together. We presented acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus), a highly social species, with playback stimuli consisting of a simulated chorus between two different individuals, a behavior that only occurs naturally between social affiliates. Subjects were expected to respond less rapidly if they perceived the callers as having an affiliative relationship. Females responded more rapidly to a pair of callers that never co-occurred in the same social group, and responded less rapidly to callers that were members of the same social group at the time of the experiment and to callers that last lived in the same group before the subject had hatched. This suggests that female acorn woodpeckers can infer the existence of relationships between conspecifics that live in separate groups by observing them interact after the conspecifics in question no longer live in the same group as each other. This study provides experimental evidence that nonhuman animals may recognize relationships between third parties that no longer live together and emphasizes the potential importance of social knowledge about distant social affiliates.


2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
pp. 3806-3823 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTORIA L. SORK ◽  
FRANK W. DAVIS ◽  
ROBERT WESTFALL ◽  
ALAN FLINT ◽  
MAKIHIKO IKEGAMI ◽  
...  

2015 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 2124-2131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary V. Ashley ◽  
Saji T. Abraham ◽  
Janet R. Backs ◽  
Walter D. Koenig

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Londoño Oikawa ◽  
Paulo C. Pulgarín-R

ABSTRACTAbiotic and biotic factors are known to be key in limiting the geographical distribution of species. However, our understanding on the influence of habitat heterogeneity on ecological interactions and behavior in tropical animals is limited. We studied groups of Acorn Woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus flavigula) in urban and rural areas in northern South America to understand how habitat and resource requirements (food storage structures) influences patterns of distribution across the Aburrá Valley, in the northern area of the Central Andes of Colombia. Using focal observations of 10 different groups over nearly a two-year period, we estimated territory size, habitat use, and described the use and presence of granaries. We found that territory size, tree diversity, and the use of granaries varied among groups. Accordingly, Acorn Woodpeckers use a wide variety of tree species to make cavities, to feed and to build granaries for social interactions. Our study supports the hypothesis that Acorn Woodpeckers do not rely on the Colombian Oak (Quercus humboldtiiBonpl.) for feeding, nesting or foraging in the Aburrá Valley, and that the construction of granaries to store food is present in urban populations, despite the lack of strong seasonal changes in tropical areas. We suggest that the distribution of the Acorn Woodpecker in our study area is strongly associated with one particular species of tree,Albizia carbonariaBritton, and the behavior of granaries construction might be hardwired in this species for the maintenance and cohesion of family groups.


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