scholarly journals Size, Insect Parasitism, and Energetic Value of Acorns Stored by Acorn Woodpeckers

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter D. Koenig ◽  
Lauryn S. Benedict

Abstract We compared species composition, insect parasitism, and mass of acorns stored in 12 granaries with acorns present within the territories of Acorn Woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) at Hastings Reservation in central coastal California. All three species of oaks present in the study area produced excellent crops the year of the study, and thus woodpeckers could readily have filled their granaries with acorns of any one of the species. Nonetheless, species composition of stored acorns was highly variable among territories and at least some acorns of all three species were stored in all granaries. There was no consistent difference in insect parasitism between stored and unstored acorns. Relative to estimated availability, birds preferred to store Quercus lobata acorns and avoided Q. douglasii acorns, but showed no preference for Q. agrifolia acorns even though they are energetically more valuable than the other two species. Stored acorns of two of the three oak species also weighed less, and were thus presumably smaller, than the average unstored acorn. On average, Acorn Woodpeckers did not maximize the energetic value of their stores and could have increased the energy stored in their granaries by 14–108% had they chosen larger acorns or more energetically rich Q. agrifolia acorns. Storing may be better understood in a more traditional optimal foraging context in which the costs of harvesting and caching, together with the energetic value of stored acorns, are considered together. Tamaño, Parasitismo por Insectos y Valor Energético de Bellotas Almacenadas por el Carpintero Melanerpes formicivorus Resumen. Comparamos la composición de especies, parasitismo por insectos y masa de bellotas almacenadas en 12 graneros presentes adentro de territorios de Melanerpes formicivorus, en la Reserva Hastings en la costa central de California. Las tres especies de roble presentes en el área de estudio produjeron excelentes cosechas durante el año de estudio, por lo que los pájaros carpinteros podrían haber llenado fácilmente sus graneros con bellotas de cualquiera de las especies. A pesar de esto, la composición de especies de las bellotas almacenadas fue altamente variable entre territorios y en todos los graneros fueron almacenadas al menos algunas bellotas de cada una de las tres especies. No hubo una diferencia consistente en el parasitismo por insectos entre bellotas almacenadas y no almacenadas. En relación a la disponibilidad estimada, las aves prefirieron almacenar bellotas de Quercus lobata y evitaron las bellotas de Q. douglasii, pero no mostraron preferencia por bellotas de Q. agrifolia, aunque éstas son energéticamente más valiosas que las bellotas de las otras dos especies. Las bellotas almacenadas de dos de las tres especies de roble fueron menos pesadas, y presumiblemente fueron más pequeñas, que la bellota promedio no almacenada. En promedio, M. formicivorus no maximizó el valor energético de sus provisiones, aunque podría haber incrementado la energía almacenada en sus graneros en un 14–108% si hubiera elegido bellotas más grandes y bellotas más energéticas de Q. agrifolia. La acción de almacenar puede ser mejor entendida en un contexto de forrajeo óptimo más tradicional, en el que los costos de cosechar y ocultar, junto al valor energético de las bellotas almacenadas, son considerados juntos.

Oecologia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Scofield ◽  
Victor Ryan Alfaro ◽  
Victoria L. Sork ◽  
Delphine Grivet ◽  
Edith Martinez ◽  
...  

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 985-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.E. Fraser ◽  
M.B. Fenton

Eating behaviour can vary with age, experience, and gender, as well as food hardness. This variation can contribute to intraspecific dietary differences and may result in variable definitions of optimal foraging and decreased intraspecific competition. We quantified feeding behaviour of insectivorous bats eating hard and soft mealworm-based food items based on the bats’ ability to consume and manipulate food items, consumption time, chew frequency, and total chews to consume. Adult Myotis lucifugus (LeConte, 1831) were more successful at both consuming and manipulating mealworms and consumed mealworms more quickly, with greater chew frequency and in fewer chews, than did subadults. Adults chewed mealworm viscera more frequently than did subadults but showed no differences in the other variables. Adult Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois, 1796) consumed mealworms more quickly and with fewer chews than did subadults but showed no differences in the other variables. There were no differences between adult and subadult E. fuscus when consuming mealworm viscera. Male and female M. lucifugus did not differ significantly when eating either mealworms or mealworm viscera. There was no change in subadult consumption time of mealworms over the summer. Age-based differences in eating abilities may play a role in defining optimal foraging and dietary composition in insectivorous bats.


Zoosymposia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIMIO HIRABAYASHI ◽  
GORO KIMURA ◽  
EISO INOUE

The species composition and abundance of adult caddisflies attracted to the illuminated showcase of a vending machine set along the middle reaches of the Shinano River were investigated every Sunday night from April to November in 2005 to 2007. A total of 1,405 adult caddisflies was collected during the investigation periods. We identified a total of 13 species belonging to 11 genera of 8 families. The most abundant species was Psychomyia acutipennis (Ulmer 1908) each year. Psychomyia acutipennis adults were collected from mid-May to the beginning of October (the range of mean air temperature was 13.8 to 27.7°C), with its seasonal abundance divided into several peaks, i.e., the end of May, the beginning of June, and the end of August to the beginning of September in both 2006 and 2007. On the other hand, in 2005 when there was no large-scale summer flood and there were no marked abundance peaks. The present study suggests that the mean air temperature and summer floods impacted the seasonal abundance of P. acutipennis adults.


2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nubia França da Silva Giehl ◽  
Marco Bruno Xavier Valadão ◽  
Leandro Schlemmer Brasil ◽  
Josias Oliveira dos Santos ◽  
Sara Miranda Almeida ◽  
...  

Os efeitos de queimadas induzidas sobre a comunidade de abelhas Euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foram avaliados em floresta de transição entre o Cerrado e a Floresta Amazônica, no leste do Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. A riqueza, abundância e a composição de Euglossini foram determinadas em uma área controle não queimada (preservada), uma área queimada anualmente desde 2004 (degradação intermediária) e uma área queimada trienalmente desde 2004 (degradação elevada). Testamos a hipótese de que áreas com diferentes frequências de queimadas apresentam menor abundância de machos, menor riqueza e diferente composição de espécies de Euglossini em relação à área controle. As técnicas de coleta ativa e passiva de abelhas foram aplicadas usando seis substâncias puras para atração dos machos: β-ionona, benzoato de benzila, geraniol, fenil-etil-acetato, salicilato de metila e vanilina. Sete espécies foram catalogadas e não houve diferença nas abundâncias entre as três áreas amostradas (F (2, 12) = 0,150; p= 0,8). A riqueza estimada de espécies na área controle foi superior à área com fogo trienal (12 ± 3,8; 4 ± 2, respectivamente), enquanto a área com fogo anual apresentou riqueza intermediária (8 ± 4,35) e superior àquela da área com fogo trienal. A análise de UPGMA revelou diferença significativa quanto a composição de espécies da área de fogo trienal para as outras duas áreas. As queimadas anual e trienal reduziram a riqueza de espécies e alteraram a composição de espécies, com efeitos mais evidentes na área com fogo trienal, causando efeitos deletérios sobre a comunidade das abelhas das orquídeas. The effect of Fire on the Community of Euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a Cerrado-Amazon Transitional Forest (Mato Grosso, Brazil) Abstract. We evaluated the effects of induced burned on Euglossini bee assemblages (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a transitional area between Cerrado and Amazonia, eastern Mato Grosso, Brazil. We determinate abundances, richness and composition of Euglossini in three plots: control plot (unburned), plot burned each year since 2004 (intermediate degradation), plot burned each three years since 2004 (high degradation). We tested the hypothesis that two burned plots present lower male abundances, less species richness and different species composition in comparison with the control plot. We collected male bees actively and passively by using six pure fragrances: β-ionona, benzoato de benzila, geraniol, fenil-etil-acetato, salicilato de metila e vanilina. We collected seven species with no differences in male abundances among three plots (F (2, 12)= 0.150; p= 0.8). Estimated richness species in control the plot was higher than the plot burned each three years (12 ± 3.8; 4± 2, respectively), while plot burned each year showed intermediate richness (8 ± 4.35) and higher than plot burned each three years. Cluster Analysis (UPGMA) revealed significant differences in species composition of the triennial fire area to the other two areas. Our results suggest that fire occurring with different frequencies in transitional forest promote decreases in richness of species and modifications in species composition. These modifications were clearer in plot more degraded (burned each three years) and induce deleterious effects on orchid bee assemblage.


The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-350
Author(s):  
Walter D. Koenig ◽  
Justyn T. Stahl

Abstract Acorn Woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) at Hastings Reservation in central coastal California exhibit a bimodal peak in annual breeding activity. One peak occurs in spring during which the majority of breeding takes place, while a second is centered in late August as the new acorn crop matures. These latter nests are mostly initiated in late summer but often do not fledge until at least late September and are thus referred to here as ‘fall’ nests. Fall nests occur in about one-third of all years, taking place when the acorn crop is large and summer temperatures are relatively high. Fledglings from fall nests constitute 4.3% of the population's total productivity and survive and recruit to the population at levels comparable to spring fledglings. Fall nesting is less likely in groups in which either the male or female breeding adults have undergone a change from the prior year, but groups are otherwise indistinguishable. Ecologically, fall nesting is closely tied to the acorn crop and thus to breeding success in the following, rather than the prior, spring. Among North American terrestrial birds in general, fall breeding has been reported in 16% of all species and is significantly more common among residents and colonially nesting species, in which the frequency exceeds 25%. Furthermore, fall nesting is likely to have been underreported in the literature. Thus, this phenomenon is at least an irregular part of the breeding biology of a substantial fraction of North American birds and should be considered a possibility in population studies of temperate-zone species. This is especially true given that fall nesting is likely to increase as global warming takes place.


2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1257-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Pardo ◽  
Eric L Walters ◽  
Walter D Koenig

Abstract Triadic awareness, or knowledge of the relationships between others, is essential to navigating many complex social interactions. While some animals maintain relationships with former group members post-dispersal, recognizing cross-group relationships between others may be more cognitively challenging than simply recognizing relationships between members of a single group because there is typically much less opportunity to observe interactions between individuals that do not live together. We presented acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus), a highly social species, with playback stimuli consisting of a simulated chorus between two different individuals, a behavior that only occurs naturally between social affiliates. Subjects were expected to respond less rapidly if they perceived the callers as having an affiliative relationship. Females responded more rapidly to a pair of callers that never co-occurred in the same social group, and responded less rapidly to callers that were members of the same social group at the time of the experiment and to callers that last lived in the same group before the subject had hatched. This suggests that female acorn woodpeckers can infer the existence of relationships between conspecifics that live in separate groups by observing them interact after the conspecifics in question no longer live in the same group as each other. This study provides experimental evidence that nonhuman animals may recognize relationships between third parties that no longer live together and emphasizes the potential importance of social knowledge about distant social affiliates.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liubovi Lebedenco ◽  

This paper presents research results on the assessment of the status of zooplankton communities under the conditions of changing aquatic environment of the Dniester and Prut Rivers. The current climatic conditions have contributed to the change of the hydrological regime of the investigated ecosystems. The influence on zooplankton was manifested on the one hand by restructuring the species composition and disturbances in quantitative parameters, and on the other hand by increasing the density of zooplankton communities during the study year.


2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atte Komonen ◽  
Mats Jonsell ◽  
Bjørn Økland ◽  
Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson ◽  
Karl Thunes

We compiled the data on the insect assemblage occurring within the polypore Fomitopsis pinicola from six regions in Finland, Sweden and Norway. The species composition and diversity of the primary fungivorous beetles (Cisidae and Anobidae) were similar across Fennoscandia. The beetles Cis glabratus Mellié (Cisidae) and C. quadridens Mellié were the most frequent species occurring in 70% and 23% of the fruiting bodies on average. Sulcacis fronticornis (Panzer) and Ennearthron cornutum (Gyllenhal) were relatively common in southern Sweden, while absent from the study regions in Norway and Finland. Similarly, Cis bidentatus (Olivier) and Cis dentatus Mellié were rather common inNorway, but almost absent from the Finnish samples. Species relative abundances in the six study regions exhibit more variation, which to some extent corresponds the biogeographical zones. Our results on the high similarity in species composition indicate deterministic nature of the F. pinicola-associated insect assemblage over large spatial scales. On the other hand, climatic factors probably have an impact on the relative abundance of species.


2006 ◽  
pp. 53-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justino Quimio

The paper describes the abundance status of forests and their species composition in the Mananga-Kotkot-Lusaran Watershed of Metro Cebu, Philippines. Data collection and analysis were undertaken according to the Braun-Blanquet (1964) methodology. Six vegetation types, such as grassland, brushland, pioneer vegetation, young plantation, 60-year old tanguile (Shorea polysperina) plantation and old-growth forest finest were sampled in 69 plots. The range of occurrence of species in sampled vegetation types is discussed. The study had recorded 414 species, in 249 genera and 103 families. They included 47 species of large trees, 71 medium trees, 118 small trees, 2 straggler figs, 7 shrubs, 2 palms, 74 erect herbaceous plants, 21 woody lianas, 32 grasses, 22 ferns and 1 moss. Aerial plants were not included in the inventory. Seven patches of natural growth remained extant in the watersheds but only one, the 40-hectare Tabunan forest patch, was big enough to have interior type forest. The other patches were only about 8 hectares or much less degraded in structure, poor in species, covered by climbing plants and pioneer trees and located either in rocky sleep slope or in cliff.


1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppo Koponen ◽  
Pekka Niemelä

We studied the occurrence of arthropods in a polluted pine forest at Harjavalta, southwestern Finland. Significantly fewer beetles (Coleoptera) were trapped near (0.5 km) a smelter and fertilizer factory than at sites further away (3, 5, 9 km). No differences in total numbers (inds./trap) along the distance (pollution) gradient were found for spiders (Araneae), ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) or bugs (Heteroptera). Marked differences were observed in diversity and species composition of the studied groups between the most polluted site (0.5 km) and the other sites (3, 5, 9 km). There were permanent arthropod populations (e.g. ants and wolf spiders) living at the most polluted site. Differences in ground-living fauna were explained by changes in ground vegetation due to pollution. The contents of Cu, Fe, Ni and Cr in ants and wolf spiders were clearly highest near the pollution source; those of Cd, Zn and Al were high at all sites.


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