Ethylene evolution changes in the stems of Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Aesculus turbinata seedlings in relation to gravity-induced reaction wood formation

Trees ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 522-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Du ◽  
Fukuju Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Wood Formation ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Metasequoia Glyptostroboides ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Induced Reaction

Negative gravitropism of Ginkgo biloba: growth stress and reaction wood formation

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Shirai ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Miyuki Matsuo ◽  
Mikuri Inatsugu ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
S2 Layer ◽  
Negative Gravitropism

Abstract Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) forms thick, lignified secondary xylem in the cylindrical stem as in Pinales (commonly called conifers), although it has more phylogenetic affinity to Cycadales than to conifers. Ginkgo forms compression wood-like (CW-like) reaction wood (RW) in its inclined stem as it is the case in conifers. However, the distribution of growth stress is not yet investigated in the RW of ginkgo, and thus this tissue resulting from negative gravitropism is still waiting for closer consideration. The present study intended to fill this gap. It has been demonstrated that, indeed, ginkgo forms RW tissue on the lower side of the inclined stem, where the compressive growth stress (CGS) was generated. In the RW, the micorofibril angle in the S2 layer, the air-dried density, and the lignin content increased, whereas the cellulose content decreased. These data are quite similar to those of conifer CWs. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the CGS is significantly correlated by the changes in the aforementioned parameters. It can be safely concluded that the negative gravitropism of ginkgo is very similar to that of conifers.

The nature of reaction wood. VIII. The structure and differentiation of compression wood

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Wardrop ◽  
GW Davies
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Cell Wall Organization ◽  
Cytoplasmic Organization ◽  
Cytoplasmic Ground Substance

The cell wall organization of tracheids of natural and chemically induced compression wood of Pinus radiata and Actinostrobus pyramidalis has been shown to be the same, and is similar to that established in previous studies of natural compression wood. In the secondary wall only two layers were present. In the second of these there was a well-developed system of helical cavities, separating ribs of cellulose. The ribs of cellulose were parallel to the direction of microfibril orientation; were complex in form; and the cellulose lamellae lay parallel with the wall surface. A well-developed wart structure was present. During the differentiation of compression wood tracheids, the intercellular spaces were formed during the phase of surface enlargement of the differentiating tracheids. At an early stage the intercellular spaces appeared to contain cytoplasmic ground substance. During the development of the layer S1 the cytoplasmic organization was similar to that of normal tracheids, the cells containing a large vacuole with a well-developed tonoplast and plasmalemma. During the development of the layer S2 the cytoplasm contained numerous small vesicles with no large vacuoles, and in many instances the plasmalemma was absent. At the conclusion of the differentiation of the cell the plasmalemma was again present and penetrated the helical cavities of the wall. Compression wood induced by 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) alone, gibberellic acid (GA) alone, or IAA and GA in combination was identical with that formed under natural conditions. The localized lateral application of IAA to vertical stems caused conspicuous bending of the stem as well as compression wood formation.

An Overview of the Biology of Reaction Wood Formation

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Du ◽  
Fukuju Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Wood Formation ◽  
Reaction Wood

Ethylene Evolution Changes in TiltedFraxinus mandshuricaRupr. var.japonicaMaxim. Seedlings in Relation to Tension Wood Formation

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 707-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sha Jiang ◽  
Ke Xu ◽  
Na Zhao ◽  
Shu-Xin Zheng ◽  
Yan-Ping Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tension Wood ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Ethylene Evolution

Relationships between tree size and reaction wood formation in 23 Japanese angiosperms

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312
Author(s):  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Tatsuya Toyoizumi ◽  
Yuya Takashima ◽  
Mineaki Aizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Formation ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Reaction Wood

Gene expression analysis revealed Hbr-miR396b as a key piece participating in reaction wood formation of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree)

2022 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 114460
Author(s):  
Xiangxu Meng ◽  
Lingshan Kong ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Mengjia Wu ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Reaction Wood

Monolignol glucosides as intermediate compounds in lignin biosynthesis. Revisiting the cell wall lignification and new 13C-tracer experiments with Ginkgo biloba and Magnolia liliiflora

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 801-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritsugu Terashima ◽  
Chisato Ko ◽  
Yasuyuki Matsushita ◽  
Ulla Westermark
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Stable Form ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Tracer Experiments

Abstract A large amount of monolignol glucosides (MLGs: p-glucocoumaryl alcohol, coniferin, syringin) are found in lignifying soft xylem near cambium and they disappear with the progress of lignification. Recently, it became a matter of debate whether those MLGs are real intermediates in lignin biosynthesis or only a storage form of monolignols outside of the main biosynthetic pathway. The latter is partly based on a misinterpretation of 14C-tracer experiments and partly on the simple generalization of the results of gene manipulation experiments concerning the flexible and complex lignification. In the present paper, it could be confirmed by the most reliable 13C-tracer method that MLGs are real intermediates in the pathway from l-phenylalanine to macromolecular lignin-polysaccharides complexes in the cell walls. This pathway via MLGs is essential for transport and programmed delivery of specific monolignols in a stable form from intracellular space to specific lignifying sites within the cell wall. The pool size of MLGs is large in most gymnosperm trees and some angiosperm species that emerged in an early stage of phylogeny, while the pool size is small in most angiosperms. This difference in pool size is reasonably understandable from the viewpoint of plant evolution, in the course of which the role of MLGs changed to meet variation in type of major cells, reaction wood formation, and postmortem lignification.

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