Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection is known to cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which is associated with neurological complications; however, there is currently no effective treatment for this infection. Flavonoids are a large group of naturally occurring compounds with multiple bioactivities, and the inhibitory effects of several flavonoids against EV71 have been studied in cell cultures; however, to date, there are no reported data on their effects in animal models. In this study, we confirmed the in vitro activities of eight flavonoids against EV71 infection, based on the inhibition of cytopathic effects. Moreover, these flavonoids were found to reduce viral genomic RNA replication and protein synthesis. We further demonstrated the protective efficacy of these flavonoids in newborn mice challenged with a lethal dose of EV71. Apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, formononetin, and penduletin conferred survival protection of 88.89%, 91.67%, 88.89%, 75%, and 66.67%, respectively, from the lethal EV71 challenge. In addition, isorhamnetin provided the highest mice survival protection of 100% at a dose of 10 mg/kg. This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to evaluate the in vivo anti-EV7l activities of multiple flavonoids, and we accordingly identified flavonoids as potential leading compounds for anti-EV71 drug development.
Induction of a high-titered antibody response using HIV gag-EV71 VP1-based virus-like particles with the capacity to protect newborn mice challenged with a lethal dose of enterovirus 71