Analysis of the Genomic Distance Between Bat Coronavirus RaTG13 and SARS-CoV-2 Reveals Multiple Origins of COVID-19

Abstract—Species complexes present considerable problems for a working taxonomy due to the presence of intraspecific variation, hybridization, polyploidy, and phenotypic plasticity. Understanding evolutionary patterns using molecular markers can allow for a more thorough assessment of evolutionary lineages than traditional morphological markers. In this study, we evaluated genetic diversity and phylogenetic patterns among taxa of the Platanthera hyperborea (Orchidaceae) complex, which includes diploid (Platanthera aquilonis) and polyploid (Platanthera hyperborea, P. huronensis, and P. convallariifolia) taxa spanning North America, Greenland, Iceland, and Asia. We found that three floral morphological characters overlap among the polyploid taxa, but the diploid species has smaller flowers. DNA sequence variation in a plastid (rpL16 intron) and a nuclear (ITS) marker indicated that at least three diploid species have contributed to the genomes of the polyploid taxa, suggesting all are of allopolyploid origin. Platanthera convallariifolia is most like P. dilatata and P. stricta, whereas P. huronensis and P. hyperborea appear to have originated from crosses of P. dilatata and P. aquilonis. Platanthera huronensis, which is found across North America, has multiple origins and reciprocal maternal parentage from the diploid species. By contrast, P. hyperborea, restricted to Greenland and Iceland, appears to have originated from a small founding population of hybrids in which P. dilatata was the maternal parent. Geographic structure was found among polyploid forms in North America. The area of Manitoba, Canada appears to be a contact zone among geographically diverse forms from eastern and western North America. Given the geographic and genetic variation found, we recommend continued recognition of four green-flowered species within this complex, but caution that there may be additional cryptic taxa within North America.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of In vitro evolution suggests multiple origins for the hammerhead ribozyme.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1002070.21655 ◽

2001 ◽

Author(s):

Dipankar Sen

Keyword(s):

Hammerhead Ribozyme ◽

In Vitro Evolution ◽

Multiple Origins

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Early and multiple origins of metastatic lineages within primary tumors.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.726131945.793520460 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Alejandro Schaffer

Keyword(s):

Primary Tumors ◽

Multiple Origins

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Multiple origins of embryonic and tadpole myeloid cells in Xenopus laevis.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.727476390.793536078 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Roger Patient ◽

Romualdo Ciau-Uitz

Keyword(s):

Xenopus Laevis ◽

Myeloid Cells ◽

Multiple Origins

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The Current Outbreak of COVID-19 with reference to India

Coronaviruses ◽

10.2174/2666796701999201026203911 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 01 ◽

Author(s):

Harshita Gupta

Keyword(s):

Medical Research ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Indian Council ◽

Current Outbreak ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Bat Coronavirus ◽

Viral Outbreak

Abstract:: This review summarizes the outbreak of viruses causing the fatal disease which is highly pathogenic and human to human transmittable and it first emerges in Wuhan, China and now this epidemic situation becomes worldwide. A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV)-2 belongs to β-coronavirus genera which were originated in bats due to highly identical genome with bat coronavirus. This review highlights the Indian Council of Medical Research, India study which determined the detection of pathogenic coronavirus in two species of Indian bats. Indian Council of Medical Research, India has successfully isolated the COVID-19 virus strain which was the first step towards diagnosis and the development of vaccines in the country. The outbreaks of coronavirus received worldwide attention for overcoming the challenges faced during this current pandemic as there is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available, however, preventive measures and different treatments were taken to cope with this viral outbreak. In response to this global outbreak, this review tries to explain the Virology, Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and discusses the Diagnosis, treatment strategies of COVID-19. This review emphasizes the current update of knowledge about COVID-19.

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MULTIPLE ORIGINS FOR NATIVE COPPER IN CONTINENTAL THOLEIITIC BASALTS, COPPERMINE RIVER GROUP, NUNAVUT, CANADA: CRYSTALLIZATION IN MAGMAS, AMYGDULES AND HYDROTHERMAL REMOBILIZATION

10.1130/abs/2018am-324820 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Skulski ◽

◽

Simon Jackson ◽

Duane Petts ◽

Bill J. Davis

Keyword(s):

Native Copper ◽

Multiple Origins ◽

Hydrothermal Remobilization ◽

Coppermine River

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Quality assessment and antioxidant activities of the blossoms of Inula nervosa Wall

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa143 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Li-xia Hu ◽

Mei-feng Luo ◽

Wen-jing Guo ◽

Xiao He ◽

Jun Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Quantitative Data ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Quality Criteria ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Traditional Chinese Medicines ◽

Chinese Medicines ◽

Chemical Profiling ◽

Multiple Origins ◽

The Difference

Abstract Background Currently, although Inula nervosa Wall is well investigated, little is understood about blossoms of Inula nervosa Wall (BINW). Objective In this work, we systematically investigated the antioxidant activity of the extract from BINW by various standard assays including DPPH free radical ability, ABTS• +, and FRAP. Methods Chemical compounds are tentatively identified through an UHPLC-QTOF-MS system. Furthermore, the contents of nine compounds were detected with UHPLC method coupled with PDA. By carefully analyzing the quantitative data via clusters analysis and PCA. Results 46 compounds are tentatively identified and our results showed that 9 compound samples in 21 batches of BINW collected from different areas could be differentiated and analyzed by a heatmap visualization. In addition, the contents of nine compounds (flavonoids, phenolic acids) exhibited a total of higher amounts and better antioxidant activities from Yunnan than those from other three origins. Conclusions Our study not only developed a powerful platform to explain the difference traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) species that in closely related through the chemometric and chemical profiling, but also presented a useful method to establish quality criteria of BINW with multiple origins. Highlights To detailly characterize the BINW, we not only performed DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays to investigate its antioxidant activity, but also established UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and UHPLC-PDA based methods to comprehensively identify and qualitatively analyze its components.

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