Coronaviruses
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Published By Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

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Coronaviruses ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 03 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandkishor Kotagale ◽  
Brijesh Taksande ◽  
Nazma Inamdar

Abstract: The catastrophe of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The respiratory system appears to be ground zero in the majority of the patients. However, many other organs can get infected by cytokines, chemokines and other mediators released in response to the presence of the virus. The neurotropism by the SARS-CoV-2 is established beyond doubt. In addition to non-specific symptoms, the symptoms specific to central and/or peripheral nervous system diseases as well as neuromuscular diseases have been observed in numerous clinical cases. These observations and the experiences with other coronavirus infections earlier and flu pandemics raise concerns not only about the neurological effects in active disease but also about the long-term effects generated by the infection, immune and inflammatory functions. The knowledge of biological actions of agmatine in the backdrop of physiological events instigated by invading SARS-CoV-2 and host’s response, especially in neural events, focuses on the possible overlaps of biomolecular pathways at a number of instances. This is not surprising since the factors stimulated during SARS-CoV-2 infection are the disease-generating neuroinflammatory components altered by agmatine. Hence, we hypothesize the possible beneficial role of agmatine in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on a narrative review of the literature, agmatine can be proposed as a plausible beneficial candidate for supporting treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and for addressing post-infection neurological complications.


Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhanshu Mishra ◽  
Disha Sharma ◽  
Shobhit Prakash Srivastava ◽  
Swati Verma ◽  
Rishabha Malviya

: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first detected in Wuhan, China, in the month of December 2019. Further, in March 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic was described by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a global pandemic. COVID-19 quickly spread around the world in the following months, affecting about 2.5 million individuals by April 2020. World markets, including the pharmaceutical industry, were devastated by this pandemic. Although no specific solution for this emerging infectious disease is currently available, the pharmaceutical industry is helping policymakers meet unmet COVID-19 desires, ranging from research and advancement initiatives on possible prevention methods to the management of the supply chain of drugs in times of crisis. Changes in demand, commodity shortages, contact adjustments, etc., are hindering developments in the mechanism of technology, research and development and are putting an impact on the health market of COVID-19. Other implications of COVID-19 on the physical condition and pharmaceutical market may include acceptance delays, heading to self-sufficiency in the delivery chain, etc. In addition, the pharmaceutical markets are battling to sustain natural consumer flows, as the latest pandemic has had an effect on access to essential drugs at reasonable rates, which is the key priority of all pharmaceutical systems.


Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhigyan Choudhury ◽  
Suprabhat Mukherjee

: The COVID19 pandemic that started in late 2019 has already killed millions of people, it is yet far from over and the road to the COVID-free world is much tougher than we all imagined; however, it ends at a vaccine functional against all coronaviruses. In this article, we try to present the aetiology behind evolution of superior pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 and point out fundamental and highly hazardous loopholes in the current vaccination regimens and propose new vaccination strategies. We also suggest societal and personal level management that are necessary to ensure prevention and better recovery outcomes until the arrival of the vaccine. In turn, we apprise the physician for long-term and stringent management of certain chronic diseases, avoiding prescribing certain drugs and suggesting physical exercises and diets that are fortified with specific micronutrients.


Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Mohammad Arsh ◽  
Suhana Mishra ◽  
Vishwas Tripathi ◽  
Amaresh Mishra

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has taken over the world, and more than 38 lakh deaths have been reported till now due to this infectious disease. It has been declared a global pandemic by the world health organization. SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), and the major problem called "Cytokine storm" is reported, which may lead to death among the COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to review the Cytokine storm and its mechanism along with few immunomodulatory therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection suppression effectively. Methods: The recently published works of literature were selected and reviewed based on the subject of this study. The databases, including Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched extensively. Results: The review of the literature showed that an uncontrolled immune response causes excess inflammation. Evidence from recent trials has demonstrated that cytokine storms can be an important factor in the COVID-19 severity, leading to multiple organ failure and death. Conclusion: This study reviewed immunomodulatory therapies and strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients to suppress the immune response. Ultimately, the cytokine storm can prove to be a boon and reduce the significant death tolls to SARS-CoV-2 infection.


Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serghei Covantev ◽  
Stanislav I. Volkov ◽  
Kristina I. Samsonova

: Cushing's syndrome results from prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids. Surgery is often the first-line treatment for this condition, regardless of etiology. However, COVID-19 pandemic caused a decrease in surgical procedures due to the risk of infection transmission. There are still emergency cases of Cushing’s syndrome that are admitted to the hospital and require urgent management. The current treatment should be focused at medical management and endovascular embolization in selective cases. Embolization can be performed in facilities where there is trained personal with experience in adrenal embolization. Surgery, which traditionally is a first-line therapy can increase the risk of infection and, therefore should be avoided. The current review provides a brief description of the possible options for management of adrenal Cushing’s syndrome during COVID-19 pandemic.


Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chellapandi P ◽  
Saranya S

: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new coronavirus isolated from Wuhan, China. It is a global health emergency, and there is no effective antiviral therapeutics available to date. Continuous structural genomic insights of SARS-CoV-2 proteins provide a warranty for the development of rational-based antivirals. Nevertheless, a structure-based drug candidate with multiple therapeutic actions would be a practical choice of medication in the treatment of severe COVID-19 patients. Cordycepin from medicinal fungi (Cordyceps spp.) and its nucleoside analogs targeting viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and human RNase L have potent antiviral activity against various human viruses with additional immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Anti-inflammation treatment is of pivotal importance and should be timely tailored to the individual patient along with antivirals. Our perspective on the combined antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of cordycepin and its analogs suggests them as new therapeutics in the treatment of systemic COVID-19 infection.


Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhan Jeyaraman ◽  
Sathish Muthu ◽  
Rashmi Jain ◽  
Ajay SS ◽  
Neha Garg ◽  
...  

: The inception of the COVID-19 pandemic has jeopardized humanity with markedly dampening of worldwide resources. The viral infection may present with varying signs and symptoms, imitating pneumonia and seasonal flu. With a gradual course, this may progress and result in the deadliest state of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI). Moreover, following recovery from the severe brunt of COVID-19 infection, interstitial portions of alveoli have been found to undergo residual scarring and further to have compromised air exchange. Such alterations in the lung microenvironment and associated systemic manifestations have been recognized to occur due to the extensive release of cytokines. The mortality rate increases with advancing age and in individuals with underlying co-morbidity. Presently, there is no availability of specific antiviral therapy or any other definitive modality to counter this progressive worsening. However, we believe principles and advancing cell-based therapy may prove fruitful in subjugating such reported worsening in these patients. This article reviews eminent knowledge and relevant advancements about the amelioration of lung damage due to COVID-19 infection using adipose tissue-derived – total stromal fraction (TSF).


Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Kumar Shukla ◽  
Ajay Kumar Sharma ◽  
Aman Kalonia ◽  
Priyanka Shaw

: Covid 19 is a pandemic disease spread almost in the whole world. To date, no medical advancement to curb the virus. Coronavirus is an enveloped virus transmitted from the biological and non-biological surface by direct or indirect contact. Limited literature revealed that the enveloped virus can be killed by disinfectants. There are many biocidal agents used for decontamination of the virus, yet they have many issues like toxicity, killing time, activation requirement, etc. Some are specific to the inanimate surface but not used by a human being. This situation showed an urgent need for a biocidal agent which can act on biological as well as non-biological surfaces without any potential toxicity. Moreover, it should be easy to handle, inexpensive, and safe for the environment. Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid that acts as a powerful disinfectant and shows biocidal efficacy against a wide range of microorganisms. Hypochlorous acid is simple to use, inexpensive, eco-friendly, non-toxic, and stable. The properties of HOCl can be regulated at the site of preparation and therefore, its compliance is high. Hypochlorous acid seems to be a promising agent in disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. Due to its diverse biocidal actions, it may be used as a potent disinfectant against novel coronavirus.


Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhash ◽  
Ashu Chaudhary

The article has been withdrawn at the request of the Editor of the journal Coronaviruses. Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused. The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php BENTHAM SCIENCE DISCLAIMER: It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submit- ting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript, the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.


Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaresh Mishra ◽  
Nisha Nair ◽  
Vishwas Tripathi ◽  
Yamini Pathak ◽  
Jaseela Majeed

: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), also known as a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), reportedly originated from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Coronavirus Disease 2019 rapidly spread all over the world within a short period. On January 30th, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a global epidemic. COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) virus that evolves to respiratory, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and neurological complications, and eventually death. SARS-CoV and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) genome sequences similar identity with 2019-nCoV or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, few amino acid sequences of 2019-nCoV differ from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. COVID-19 shares about 90% amino acid sequence similarity with SARS-CoV. Effective prevention methods should be taken in order to control this pandemic situation. Till now, there are no effective treatments available to treat COVID-19. This review provides information regarding COVID-19 history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and molecular diagnosis. Also, we focus on the development of vaccines in the management of this COVID-19 pandemic and limiting the spread of the virus.


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