Comparative Analysis of Genetic and Morphological Variation within the Platanthera hyperborea Complex (Orchidaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-778
Author(s):  
Eranga Wettewa ◽  
Nick Bailey ◽  
Lisa E. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Founding Population ◽  
Multiple Origins ◽  
Geographic Structure ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Cryptic Taxa

Abstract—Species complexes present considerable problems for a working taxonomy due to the presence of intraspecific variation, hybridization, polyploidy, and phenotypic plasticity. Understanding evolutionary patterns using molecular markers can allow for a more thorough assessment of evolutionary lineages than traditional morphological markers. In this study, we evaluated genetic diversity and phylogenetic patterns among taxa of the Platanthera hyperborea (Orchidaceae) complex, which includes diploid (Platanthera aquilonis) and polyploid (Platanthera hyperborea, P. huronensis, and P. convallariifolia) taxa spanning North America, Greenland, Iceland, and Asia. We found that three floral morphological characters overlap among the polyploid taxa, but the diploid species has smaller flowers. DNA sequence variation in a plastid (rpL16 intron) and a nuclear (ITS) marker indicated that at least three diploid species have contributed to the genomes of the polyploid taxa, suggesting all are of allopolyploid origin. Platanthera convallariifolia is most like P. dilatata and P. stricta, whereas P. huronensis and P. hyperborea appear to have originated from crosses of P. dilatata and P. aquilonis. Platanthera huronensis, which is found across North America, has multiple origins and reciprocal maternal parentage from the diploid species. By contrast, P. hyperborea, restricted to Greenland and Iceland, appears to have originated from a small founding population of hybrids in which P. dilatata was the maternal parent. Geographic structure was found among polyploid forms in North America. The area of Manitoba, Canada appears to be a contact zone among geographically diverse forms from eastern and western North America. Given the geographic and genetic variation found, we recommend continued recognition of four green-flowered species within this complex, but caution that there may be additional cryptic taxa within North America.

Teuvoa, a new lichen genus inMegasporaceae(Ascomycota:Pertusariales), includingTeuvoa junipericolasp. nov.

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad SOHRABI ◽  
Steven D. LEAVITT ◽  
Víctor J. RICO ◽  
Mehmet G. HALICI ◽  
Gajendra SHRESTHA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sister Relationship ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship ofAspicilia uxoriswithinMegasporaceaeis assessed within a phylogenetic context. ‘Aspicilia’uxorisand other related species are recovered as sister to the genusLobothallias. str. and described here as a new genus.Teuvoa(Ascomycota,Megasporaceae) is erected based on nuclear ITS and LSU sequence data and morphological characters. In addition toTeuvoa uxoris, a second species,T. junipericola,is added to the new genus based on material collected from North America.Teuvoa junipericola, T. uxorisandT. tibeticaform a group with 8-spored asci, absence of extrolites, rather short-sized conidia and ascospores, lack of a subhypothecial algal layer, and different substratum preferences (on organic substratum) with a sister relationship to genusLobothallias. lat. (AspiciliasubgenusPachyothalliaClauzade & C. Roux). Based on spore measurements of the holotypes,Lecanora ferganensisTomin from central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan),Lecanora atrodiscataGintovt, from Tajikistan andLecanora takyroidesDzhur. from Turkmenistan are new synonyms toT. uxoris. A lectotype forLecanora ferganensisis designated, expanding the known distribution ofT. uxorisfrom Algeria, Morocco and Spain, into Central Asia.

Molecular, chromosomal and morphological characters reveal a new diploid species in the Smilax china complex (Smilacaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 212 (3) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunpeng Zhao ◽  
Zhongshuai Sun ◽  
Yihan Wang ◽  
Chengxin Fu
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Diploid Population ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

The Smilax china complex (Smilacaceae) is a typical mixoploid species complex including five extant diploid taxa with a widespread distribution across eastern Asia. The diploid population (mHB, 2n = 32), which was originally considered to be diploid S. china, together with two newly discovered diploid populations (mZZ and mYXS) is supported here as a distinct species by morphological, karyotypic and molecular data. These three populations present consistent morphological characters of sub-erect stems, rudimentary tendrils and minutely serrulate leaf margins, in which they differ from S. china. Molecular phylogenetic analyses also confirm its monophyly with a closer relationship to the other two erect species S. biflora and S. trinervula in the complex. These three populations are thus proposed to be a clear new diploid species and described with the name of Smilax microdontus Z. S. Sun & C.X. Fu, sp. nov. The discovery of this new species highlights the importance of closer examinations on species complexes by integrating multiple evidence.

scholarly journals Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan M. Blank ◽  
Katja Kramp ◽  
David R. Smith ◽  
Yuri N. Sundikov ◽  
Meicai Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Old World ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
First Time

Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898 comprises 13 species, four of which are described as new and one is removed from synonymy: Megaxyela euchroma Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. from China (Zheijang), M. fulvago Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. from China (Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang), M. inversa Blank & D.R. Smith sp. nov. from the USA (West Virginia), M. langstoni Ross, 1936 sp. rev. from the eastern USA, and M. pulchra Blank, Shinohara & Sundukov sp. nov. from China (Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Tibet), South Korea (Kangwon-do) and Russia (Primorskiy Kray). The male of M. parki Shinohara, 1992 is described for the first time. A lectotype is designated for M. gigantea Mocsáry, 1909. A cladogram, based on COI sequences of seven species, is presented and interpreted in view of selected morphological characters. Records of M. fulvago sp. nov. from Hunan and of M. pulchra sp. nov. from Tibet extend the known distribution of Megaxyela in the Old World 600 kilometers farther south and 2500 kilometers farther west than previous records.

Cytological identification of some trisomics of Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea)

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1271-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Zhi Wei ◽  
W. F. Campbell ◽  
G. J. Scoles ◽  
A. E. Slinkard ◽  
R. Ruey-Chyi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
Double Deletion ◽  
Russian Wildrye

Russian wildrye, Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski (2n = 2x = 14; NsNs), is an important forage grass and a potential source of germplasm for cereal crop improvement. Because of genetic heterogeneity as a result of its self-incompatibility, it is difficult to identify trisomics of this diploid species based on morphological characters alone. Putative trisomies (2n = 2x + 1 = 15), derived from open pollination of a triploid plant by pollen grains of diploid plants, were characterized by Giemsa C-banding. Based on both karyotypic criteria and C-banding patterns, four of the seven possible primary trisomics, a double-deletion trisomic, and two tertiary trisomics were identified.Key words: Russian wildrye, Psathyrostachys juncea, trisomic, C-banding, karyotype.

Redescription of Mastigias papua (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) with designation of a neotype and recognition of two additional species

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4457 (4) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIANA ROCHA DE SOUZA ◽  
MICHAEL N DAWSON
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Taxonomic Approach ◽  
Patterns And Processes

Mastigias, the ‘golden’ or ‘spotted’ jellyfish, is distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific. Specimens are identified routinely as Mastigias papua, although eight species were described historically, and molecular analyses evince at least three phylogenetic species. Understanding species diversity in Mastigias has become a priority because of its growing relevance in studies of boom-bust dynamics related to environmental change, cryptic species, local adaptation, parallel evolution, and peripatric speciation. However, species delimitation and identification are inhibited by a dearth of type specimens for most species, including M. papua. We address these issues by resampling Mastigias from the type locality in Waigeo, West Papua, as well as in the Philippines, and by comparing cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and up to 34 morphological characters of 268 Mastigias specimens from surrounding regions in the Indo-Pacific. We also gathered data from the historical descriptions of the eight species of Mastigias to estimate the identity of the two other currently revealed clades. Using this integrative taxonomic approach, we re-describe Mastigias papua as endemic to the tropical western Pacific islands (including Papua, Palau, Enewetak) and designate a neotype for the species. Additionally, based on morphological similarity and geographic overlap, we identified a second clade most probably as M. albipunctatus (from Japan, Komodo, Berau and Philippines) and a third clade tentatively as either M. andersoni or M. ocellatus. This study highlights the benefits of combining molecular analyses, samples from type locations, traditional descriptions and statistical analyses of morphological variation in systematic studies, and the concomitant potential of such studies to increase understanding of evolutionary patterns and processes in Scyphozoa.

A new species of Trachylepis (Squamata: Scincidae) from the Amhara Region, Ethiopia, and a key to the Ethiopian Trachylepis

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4859 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
THORE KOPPETSCH
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Record ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Cryptic Taxa ◽  
Biogeographical Pattern ◽  
A New Species

Ethiopia is known for its highly endemic and rich herpetofaunal diversity shaped by its biogeographical patterns. Here, a new species of skink, Trachylepis boehmei sp. nov., is described from the Ethiopian Highlands. It differs from its congeners in having smooth uncarinated dorsal scales, 26–29 scale rows around midbody, a slender body of small size, a relatively short tail, a low eye–snout distance and a unique colour pattern with 6–8 darkish brown dorsal stripes. Based on morphological characteristics, its biogeographical pattern and comparisons with other similar congeners this new species is closely related to Trachylepis megalura. A published new record of Trachylepis wingati for the Kafa region is re-examined and identified as T. megalura. An updated comprehensive key to the Trachylepis found in Ethiopia is provided. In the context of ongoing phylogenetic and taxonomic revisions of Trachylepis and its species complexes the presence of further cryptic taxa can be expected also for the Ethiopian biodiversity hotspots. Consequently, the need of further herpetological investigations in this region of ecological importance is stressed. 

scholarly journals Slender Moonwort, Botrychium lineare (Ophioglossaceae), Rediscovered in Quebec

2009 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Cayouette ◽  
Donald R. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ongoing Study ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Allozyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Spore Size ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula ◽  
Made In

Slender Moonwort (Botrychium lineare), described in 1994, is a very rare fern in eastern North America. It was known in Quebec, Canada, from only two sites in the Gaspé Peninsula but has not been relocated since its discovery at these sites in 1902 and 1942. An ongoing study of B. lineare and its recent discovery in northern Minnesota prompted a re-examination of a 1972 collection made in western Quebec, in Gatineau Park, previously identified under various names, including B. campestre. A recent visit (2008) to the Gatineau Park site disclosed continued presence of similar plants. Based on morphological characters, spore size, genotype (allozyme electrophoresis), and appropriate habitat features, we conclude that the newly discovered plants and those of the 1972 collection are B. lineare. B. lineare appears on the Quebec government list of plant species likely to be designated threatened or vulnerable.

Taxonomic Synopsis of Eriosema (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae, Phaseoleae) in Brazil

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 416 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELISA SILVA CÂNDIDO ◽  
WANDERLEIA DE VARGAS ◽  
LUÍSA MARIA DE PAULA ALVES BEZERRA ◽  
VIDAL DE FREITAS MANSANO ◽  
MOHAMMAD VATANPARAST ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Savanna Vegetation ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Representative Species

Eriosema is a pantropical genus occurring mostly in savanna vegetation and grasslands of tropical environments, with approximately 150 species and two centers of diversity, one in Africa with about 110 species, and the other in the Neotropics with about 40 species. Considering the large number of Eriosema taxa in Brazil, including five recently described, and the lack of recent study that encompasses all species that occur in the country, a taxonomic synopsis of the Brazilian species of Eriosema was needed and is presented here. Herbaria collections, including type specimens, were consulted and field work was carried out in Brazil. Our study records 35 Eriosema species in Brazil, which concentrates most of the diversity of the genus in the Americas (85%; 35 out of 41 species). Most of this diversity occurs in the Central Brazilian savannas, particularly in the states of Goiás (29 taxa, eight endemic), and Minas Gerais (26 taxa, four endemic). Among all American species in the genus, Eriosema simplicifolium and E. crinitum have the broadest geographical distributions, and occur throughout Brazil and most part of the American continent. They form species complexes and future detailed studies will be necessary in order to understand taxon boundaries and delimitations. An identification key, taxon descriptions, information about type specimens as well as information on the habitat, phenological and geographical records, together with distribution maps, images of representative species in the field and the main morphological characters are provided to assist in the correct identification of this group of savanna plants. We also present 15 lectotypifications, out of which three are second-step.

UCE data reveal multiple origins of rose gallers in North America: Global phylogeny of Diplolepis Geoffroy (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 106949
Author(s):  
Y. Miles Zhang ◽  
Matthew L. Buffington ◽  
Chris Looney ◽  
Zoltán László ◽  
Joseph D. Shorthouse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Multiple Origins
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