Stress Triggered Changes in Expression of Genes for Neurosecretory Granules in Adrenal Medulla

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 795-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Louise Sabban ◽  
Andrej Tillinger ◽  
Regina Nostramo ◽  
Lidia Serova
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Neurosecretory Granules ◽  
Expression Of Genes

scholarly journals The Abnormalities of Adrenomedullary Hormonal System in Genetic Hypertension: Their Contribution to Altered Regulation of Blood Pressure

2021 ◽  
pp. 307-326
Author(s):  
A Vavřínová
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Catecholamine Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Hormonal System ◽  
Altered Regulation

It is widely accepted that sympathetic nervous system plays a crucial role in the development of hypertension. On the other hand, the role of adrenal medulla (the adrenomedullary component of the sympathoadrenal system) in the development and maintenance of high blood pressure in man as well as in experimental models of hypertension is still controversial. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are the most widely used animal model of human essential hypertension characterized by sympathetic hyperactivity. However, the persistence of moderately elevated blood pressure in SHR subjected to sympathectomy neonatally as well as the resistance of adult SHR to the treatment by sympatholytic drugs suggests that other factors (including enhanced activity of the adrenomedullary hormonal system) are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension of SHR. This review describes abnormalities in adrenomedullary hormonal system of SHR rats starting with the hyperactivity of brain centers regulating sympathetic outflow, through the exaggerated activation of sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons, to the local changes in chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla. All the above alterations might contribute to the enhanced release of epinephrine and/or norepinephrine from adrenal medulla. Special attention is paid to the alterations in the expression of genes involved in catecholamine biosynthesis, storage, release, reuptake, degradation and adrenergic receptors in chromaffin cells of SHR. The contribution of the adrenomedullary hormonal system to the development and maintenance of hypertension as well as its importance during stressful conditions is also discussed.

Fine Structure of Carotid Body: Normal and Anoxic Cats

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Fadhil Al-Lami ◽  
R.G. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Lead Citrate ◽  
Glomus Cells ◽  
Sustentacular Cells ◽  
Carotid Bodies

Although the fine structure of the carotid body has been described in several recent reports, uncertainties remain, and the morphological effects of anoxia on the carotid body cells of the cat have never been reported. We have, therefore, studied the fine structure of the carotid body both in normal and severely anoxic cats, and to test the specificity of the effects, have compared them with the effects on adrenal medulla, kidney, and liver of the same animals. Carotid bodies of 50 normal and 15 severely anoxic cats (9% oxygen in nitrogen) were studied. Glutaraldehyde followed by OsO4 fixations, Epon 812 embedding, and uranyl acetate and lead citrate staining, were the technics employed.We have called the two types of glomus cells enclosed and enclosing cells. They correspond to those previously designated as chemoreceptor and sustentacular cells respectively (1). The enclosed cells forming the vast majority, are irregular in shape with many processes and occasional peripheral densities (Fig. 1).

Release of Neurosecretion in the Crayfish Sinus Gland

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Richard R. Shivers
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Neurosecretory Granules ◽  
Sinus Gland ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Dense Membrane ◽  
Neurohemal Organ ◽  
Dense Vesicles

The sinus gland is a neurohemal organ located in the crayfish eyestalk and represents a storage site for neurohormones prior to their release into the circulation. The sinus gland contains 3 classes of dense, membrane-limited granules: 1) granules measuring less than 1000 Å in diameter, 2) granules measuring 1100-1400 Å in diameter, and 3) granules measuring 1500-2000 Å in diameter. Class 3 granules are the most electron-dense of the granules found in the sinus gland, while class 2 granules are the most abundant. Generally, all granules appear to undergo similar changes during release.Release of neurosecretory granules may be initiated by a preliminary fragmentation of the “parent granule” into smaller, less dense vesicles which measure about 350 Å in diameter (V, Figs. 1-3). A decrease in density of the granules prior to their fragmentation has been observed and may reflect a change in the chemical nature of the granule contents.

Immunogold labeling of the calcium binding protein synexin in isolated adrenal chromaffin granules and chromaffin cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 952-953
Author(s):  
Gemma A.J. Kuijpers ◽  
Harvey B. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Chromaffin Granules ◽  
Immuno Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin

Exocytotic fusion of granules in the adrenal medulla chromaffin cell is triggered by a rise in the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ upon cell activation. The protein synexin, annexin VII, was originally found in the adrenal medulla and has been shown to cause aggregation and to support fusion of chromaffin granules in a Ca2+-dependent manner. We have previously suggested that synexin may there fore play a role in the exocytotic fusion process. In order to obtain more structural information on synexin, we performed immuno-electron microscopy on frozen ultrathin sections of both isolated chromaffin granules and chromaffin cells.Chromaffin granules were isolated from bovine adrenal medulla, and synexin was isolated from bovine lung. Granules were incubated in the presence or absence of synexin (24 μg per mg granule protein) and Ca2+ (1 mM), which induces maximal granule aggregation, in 0.3M sucrose-40m MMES buffer(pH 6.0). Granules were pelleted, washed twice in buffer without synexin and fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde- 2% para formaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (GA/PFA) for 30 min. Chromaffin cells were isolated and cultured for 3-5 days, and washed and incubated in Krebs solution with or without 20 uM nicotine. Cells were fixed 90 sec after on set of stimulation with GA/PFA for 30 min. Fixed granule or cell pellets were washed, infiltrated with 2.3 M sucrose in PBS, mounted and frozen in liquid N2.

609: Effects of Sirna and Phytoestrogen Treatments on the Expression of Genes Regulated through the Androgen Receptor of Lncap Prostate Cancer Cells

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 162-162
Author(s):  
Paul Thelen ◽  
Michal Grzmil ◽  
Iris E. Eder ◽  
Barbara Spengler ◽  
Peter Burfeind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Prostate Cancer Cells ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Anti-Diabetic Activity of a Mineraloid Isolate, in vitro and in Genetically Diabetic Mice

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Deneau ◽  
Taufeeq Ahmed ◽  
Roger Blotsky ◽  
Krzysztof Bojanowski
Keyword(s):  
Dna Microarrays ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Diabetic Animal ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Fossil Material ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Genetically Diabetic Mice

Type II diabetes is a metabolic disease mediated through multiple molecular pathways. Here, we report anti-diabetic effect of a standardized isolate from a fossil material - a mineraloid leonardite - in in vitro tests and in genetically diabetic mice. The mineraloid isolate stimulated mitochondrial metabolism in human fibroblasts and this stimulation correlated with enhanced expression of genes coding for mitochondrial proteins such as ATP synthases and ribosomal protein precursors, as measured by DNA microarrays. In the diabetic animal model, consumption of the Totala isolate resulted in decreased weight gain, blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin. To our best knowledge, this is the first description ever of a fossil material having anti-diabetic activity in pre-clinical models.

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