Development and Evaluation of a Co–C Eutectic-Point Cell for Thermocouple Calibration

The optimization of the drying schedule has been carried out to improve the quality indicators of the live plague vaccine. Based on the data obtained on the eutectic point of the vaccine suspension, the freezing temperature and freezing time were set to -50 °С and 6-7 h, respectively. A pressure of 40 mTorr over the surface of the drying suspension and 20 mTorr during the desorption were shown to be the best conditions for sublimation. The drying tests with different options for the shelf heating rate, vacuum depth and duration of intermediate temperature indicators were carried out to develop the improved freeze-drying mode providing the selection of the most adapted bacteria. A vaccine lyophilized under the developed conditions has low residual moisture (up to 2%) and high viability index that persists over the whole shelf life. lyophilization, sublimation, eutectic, live plague vaccine, residual moisture, viability

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A deep eutectic point in quaternary Zr–Ti–Ni–Cu system and bulk metallic glass formation near the eutectic point

Intermetallics ◽

10.1016/j.intermet.2011.09.006 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 67-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

D.M. Lee ◽

J.H. Sun ◽

D.H. Kang ◽

S.Y. Shin ◽

G. Welsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metallic Glass ◽

Bulk Metallic Glass ◽

Glass Formation ◽

Eutectic Point

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Solidification of an Aqueous Salt Solution in a Circular Cylinder

Journal of Heat Transfer ◽

10.1115/1.2911263 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 114 (1) ◽

pp. 30-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. S. Burns ◽

L. A. Stickler ◽

W. E. Stewart

Keyword(s):

Circular Cylinder ◽

Binary Solution ◽

Pure Water ◽

Eutectic Point ◽

Aqueous Salt Solution ◽

Final Solution ◽

One Dimensional ◽

Boundary Temperature ◽

Initial Melting ◽

Diffusion And Convection

The situation of one-dimensional, transient inward solidification of a binary solution in a circular cylinder is studied numerically. The solution is assumed to be of a hypoeutectic initial concentration and to be initially at a superheated temperature above its initial melting point temperature. The boundary temperature of the cylinder is below that of its heterogeneous nucleation temperature and no supercooling occurs. The boundary temperatures and final solution concentrations are assumed to be above and below, respectively, the eutectic point of the solution. The finite difference numerical model predicts the time for the radial formation of the mush type of ice to reach the center of the cylinder and the time for the entire cylinder to reach the cylinder boundary temperature, based upon the assumptions of negligible diffusion and convection of solute during solidification. The results reveal that closure times are significantly increased for the solutions compared to pure water due to decreased conductivity of the mush compared to ice.

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Optimized Design of Various Ag Decorated Sn-xAg-Cu0.7 Solder Bump on Cycling Fatigue Reliability for Wafer-Level Chip Scale Packaging

Journal of Electronic Packaging ◽

10.1115/1.4052075 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hwa-Teng Lee ◽

Ching-Yuan Ho ◽

Chao Chin Lee

Keyword(s):

Eutectic Point ◽

Optimized Design ◽

Fatigue Reliability ◽

Wafer Level ◽

Fatigue Lifetime ◽

Coexistence Phase ◽

Ag Additions ◽

Plastic Displacement ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

Solder Interface

Abstract Effects of Ag content (0 ~ 3 wt.%) in Sn-xAgCu0.7 solders on microstructure characteristics and low cycling fatigue at different temperature conditions are overall investigated. To increase Ag content, the solidus point 228.8 ? of Sn-Cu0.7 gradually decreases to 218.5 ? and temperature range of solid-liquid coexistence phase is also decrease. The Sn-Cu0.7 matrix consisted of small particles of Cu6Sn5 within ß-Sn equiaxial grains and did not significantly influence solder hardness. Moreover, much intermetallic compound of plate-like Ag3Sn and rod-like Cu6Sn5 existed in Sn-xAgCu0.7 solders enables to enhance the hardness due to dense network of Ag3Sn precipitation and near eutectic point. As a result of plastic displacement decreases with higher Ag additions, better fatigue lifetime could be achieved at Ag content to 1.5 wt.%. Besides, crack stemmed from thicker IMC layer in Sn-3.0Ag-Cu0.7 solder interface will decrease fatigue performance especially for 80 ? and 120 ?.

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Tensile Strength of NaCl Ice

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0022143000018190 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 4 (31) ◽

pp. 25-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

W. F. Weeks

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Sea Ice ◽

Fresh Water ◽

Eutectic Point ◽

Water Ice ◽

Average Value ◽

Freshwater Ice ◽

The One ◽

Image Position ◽

Bodies Of Water

AbstractTo resolve some of the factors causing strength variation in natural sea ice, fresh water and five different NaCl–H2O solutions were frozen in a tank designed to simulate the one-dimensional cooling of natural bodies of water. The resulting ice was structurally similar to lake and sea ice. The salinity of the salt ice varied from 1‰ to 22‰. Tables of brine volumes and densities were computed for these salinities in the temperature range 0° to −35° C. The ring-tensile strength σ of fresh-water ice was found to be essentially temperature independent from −10° to −30°C., with an average value of 29.6±8.5 kg./cm.2at −10° C. The strength of salt ice at temperatures above the eutectic point (–21.2° C.) significantly decreases with brine volumev;. The σ–axis intercept of this line is comparable to the a values determined for fresh ice indicating that there is little, if any, difference in stress concentration between sea and lake ice as a result of the presence of brine pockets. The strength of ice containing NaCl.2H2O is slightly less than the strength of freshwater ice and is independent of the volume of solid salt and the ice temperature. No evidence was found for the existence of either phase or geometric hysteresis in NaCl ice. The strength of ice at sub-eutectic temperatures, however, is decreased appreciably if the ice has been subjected to temperatures above the eutectic point; this is the result of the redistribution of brine during the warm-temperature period. Short-term cooling produces an appreciable (20 per cent) decrease in strength, in fresh-water and NaCl.2H2O ice. The present results are compared with tests on natural sea ice and it is suggested that the strength of freshwater ice is a limit which is approached but not exceeded by cold sea ice and that the reinforcement of brine pockets by Na2SO4.10H2O is either lacking or much less than previously assumed.

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