The impacts of time of day pricing on car user behavior: findings from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey’s initiative

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Holguín-Veras ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Ning Xu ◽  
Kaan Ozbay
Author(s):  
Kaan Ozbay ◽  
Dilruba Ozmen-Ertekin ◽  
Ozlem Yanmaz-Tuzel ◽  
Jose Holguín-Veras

Time-of-day pricing policies provide lower toll rates during off-peak hours to reduce peak-hour traffic congestion. Time-of-day pricing was introduced at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) bridges and tunnels on March 25, 2001, for E-ZPass users only. According to PANYNJ, 2 months after the implementation of the program, preliminary statistics indicated greater use of E-ZPass and some increase in off-peak travel. PANYNJ operates six toll facilities: George Washington Bridge, Lincoln Tunnel, Holland Tunnel, Bayonne Bridge, Goethals Bridge, and Outerbridge Crossing. In this paper, the relationship between toll price and travel demand at PANYNJ facilities was investigated with traffic data before and after the introduction of the time-of-day pricing program. Two main approaches were used. First, short-term elasticities were calculated with monthly traffic data from April through August for 2000 and 2001. Next, medium-term elasticities were calculated with monthly traffic data from May through August for 2000 and 2002. Seasonal variations in the database were also considered by performing related statistical tests.


Behaviour ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 207-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Burger

AbstractThe aggressive behaviour of skimmers was studied in a mixed species colony of black skimmers and common terns located on a sandy beach in New York. The levels and intensity of intraspecific aggression varied according to sex, season, and time of day. Males engaged in more intraspecific aggression, whereas females engaged in more interspecific defense. These differences suggest that interspecific defense is an appropriate response to the real threat of chick loss due to other birds (of both species). In general, females were defending space and their chicks, whereas males seemed to defend space, their chicks, and females. The aggression observed at any point in the reproductive cycle correlates with the magnitude of the threat.


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