Breeding and reproductive behaviour of the neo-tropical opossum, Didelphis marsupialis insularis, Allen 1902 under captive conditions

Developing a captive breeding system for the widely hunted Caribbean species of opossum Didelphis marsupialis insularis can greatly aide in the management and conservation of this species in the neo-tropics. Although this species possesses ideal traits for captive breeding in this region (tolerance to high heat and humidity, high reproductive rate, and resistance to disease), challenges due to its aggressive behaviour and limited information on its breeding behaviour have prevented a system from being developed for this species. The present study describes a breeding system, and the reproductive behaviour of this species under captive conditions. Six (1 male; 5 females) adult opossums were maintained and managed for breeding over a ten (10) month period. Pouch litter sizes averaged 5±2.5 with a range of 2 to 8. Gestation length was found to be 13.25±0.96 days and 4 litters (n=23) were successfully weaned at 11-13 weeks. It was found that the male D. m. insularis exhibits behaviours of interest that can serve as indicators for receptivity of the female, and overall, that this species can be successfully reared and bred under captive conditions in the neo-tropics.

Oxytocin has ‘Tend-and-Defend’ Functionality in Group Conflict Across Social Vertebrates

Across vertebrate species, intergroup conflict confronts individuals with a tension between group interests best served by participation in conflict and personal interest best served by not participating. Here, we identify the neurohormone oxytocin as pivotal to the neurobiological regulation of this tension in distinctly different group-living vertebrates, including fish, birds, rodents, non-human primates, and humans. In the context of intergroup conflict, a review of emerging work on pro-sociality suggests that oxytocin and its fish and birds homologs, isotocin and mesotocin, respectively, can elicit participation in group conflict and aggression. This is because it amplifies (i) concern for the interests of genetically related or culturally similar ‘in- group’ others, and (ii) willingness to defend against outside intruders and enemy conspecifics. Across a range of social vertebrates, oxytocin can induce aggressive behaviour to ‘tend-and- defend’ the in-group during intergroup contests.

German police recruits’ perception of skill transfer from training to the field

In order optimally to prepare police officers for the demands in the field, police training has to be designed representatively. However, for the German context, there is a scarcity of research investigating to what extent training meets the demands of the field. To fill this gap, the current study examined if police training in Germany meets the field demands of police officers based on the perspective of police recruits. Thirteen recruits from a German police force were interviewed in a semi-structured way to identify possible matches and discrepancies between training and the field. The qualitative were was analysed using content analysis. The results revealed that recruits valued police training very positively because they were able to apply learned skills and tactics in the field. However, results also indicated that: (a) key informational variables present in the field were missing in training, namely chaotic, highly dynamic situations; and (b) police officers need to be adaptable and flexible in the field to cope with the demands. Finally, the results suggested that police training focuses narrowly on dealing with extreme threats, which differs from the experiences recruits had in the field and may have drawbacks because continuously perceiving social situations as threatening and dangerous is a risk factor for aggressive behaviour. Taken together, the current study provides further insights into the wants and needs of recruits in police training.

Representation of violence value in Joker Film

The Joker film aired in Indonesia on October 2, 2019. This film was widely discussed by the audience and succeeded in bringing the audience into the atmosphere of the film. This is because the problems that are taken often occur in the life of the general public. This film tells the story of Arthur aka Joker, whose life is filled with sadness, cheating, injustice as a lower middle-class citizen so that he is treated inappropriately by society and his family. Everything that happened to him resulted in the victim becoming the perpetrator of violence. Researchers are interested in analyzing the Joker film more deeply, and this is because the shows in the film contain violence that can trigger various physical and mental conditions such as aggressive behaviour, violent behaviour, bullying, fear, depression and nightmares for those who watch it. The purpose of this research is to find out how the representation of violence in the Joker film viewed from the Semiotics of Roland Barths to determine a meaning using the concepts of denotation, connotation, and myths taken from several scenes that represent the value of violence in the Joker film. The findings from the results of this study indicate that there are 16 scenes that present violence. The violence is in the form of physical violence, psychological violence, financial violence, functional violence, and rational violence. The Joker film shows that perpetrators of violence still often occur in life, even victims can become perpetrators of what happened to them. Often times people think this is normal because not everyone understands the importance of humanity and justice for others.

Implementing the Rating Scale for Aggressive Behaviours in the Elderly: Can it Make a Difference to Nursing Management of Aggressive Behaviours in Elderly Patients with Dementia?

<p><b>Aggressive behaviour is the most common clinical and nursing management problem for patients with dementia. Many elderly patients with dementia show sexual, physical, and verbal aggressive behaviours that complicate their management and make day-to-day nursing care difficult. These behaviours include yelling, hitting, swearing and verbal abuse. Despite this there is no consistent use of rating scales for assessing aggressive behaviour in this population. Nurses in the inpatient setting are often the main target for this aggression and without a rating scale the assessment of the behaviour is open to interpretation of the individual. While aggressive behaviours can be the most difficult behaviours for nursing staff to manage, these behaviours can also disrupt the milieu on inpatient psychogeriatric settings and frequently distress other patients, visiting families/whanau and friends.</b></p> <p>The Rating Scale for Aggressive Behaviours in the Elderly (RAGE) is a twenty-one item rating scale, designed specifically to measure aggressive behaviours in the elderly in the psychogeriatric inpatient setting. The purpose of the scale is to qualify the aggressive behaviour, note any changes in the behaviour, and record intervention and/or treatments. This study combines both qualitative and quantitative methods with exploratory and descriptive designs to explore nurses’ experiences of using a consistent tool for monitoring, measuring and managing aggressive behaviours.</p> <p>Data gathered over a three month period of implementing RAGE will provide a ‘snapshot’ of the prevalence, extent and type of aggressive behaviours within the inpatient setting, providing evidence to nurses in developing strategies for the management of aggression. Focus group interviews were used to enable nurses to discuss their experiences of utilising a clinically validated tool in their practice and how this made a difference to their practice.</p> <p>Findings from this research indicate that nurses within the setting found that RAGE is a consistent tool with which nurses can record, measure and monitor aggressive behaviours. Responses from nurses’ experiences of utilising RAGE in their practice were varied, with some being unable to articulate how RAGE had made a difference to their practice. Despite this there was an overwhelming positive response for the continued use of RAGE within the setting as a clinically validated tool by which to measure, record and manage aggressive behaviours.</p>

Implementing the Rating Scale for Aggressive Behaviours in the Elderly: Can it Make a Difference to Nursing Management of Aggressive Behaviours in Elderly Patients with Dementia?

<p><b>Aggressive behaviour is the most common clinical and nursing management problem for patients with dementia. Many elderly patients with dementia show sexual, physical, and verbal aggressive behaviours that complicate their management and make day-to-day nursing care difficult. These behaviours include yelling, hitting, swearing and verbal abuse. Despite this there is no consistent use of rating scales for assessing aggressive behaviour in this population. Nurses in the inpatient setting are often the main target for this aggression and without a rating scale the assessment of the behaviour is open to interpretation of the individual. While aggressive behaviours can be the most difficult behaviours for nursing staff to manage, these behaviours can also disrupt the milieu on inpatient psychogeriatric settings and frequently distress other patients, visiting families/whanau and friends.</b></p> <p>The Rating Scale for Aggressive Behaviours in the Elderly (RAGE) is a twenty-one item rating scale, designed specifically to measure aggressive behaviours in the elderly in the psychogeriatric inpatient setting. The purpose of the scale is to qualify the aggressive behaviour, note any changes in the behaviour, and record intervention and/or treatments. This study combines both qualitative and quantitative methods with exploratory and descriptive designs to explore nurses’ experiences of using a consistent tool for monitoring, measuring and managing aggressive behaviours.</p> <p>Data gathered over a three month period of implementing RAGE will provide a ‘snapshot’ of the prevalence, extent and type of aggressive behaviours within the inpatient setting, providing evidence to nurses in developing strategies for the management of aggression. Focus group interviews were used to enable nurses to discuss their experiences of utilising a clinically validated tool in their practice and how this made a difference to their practice.</p> <p>Findings from this research indicate that nurses within the setting found that RAGE is a consistent tool with which nurses can record, measure and monitor aggressive behaviours. Responses from nurses’ experiences of utilising RAGE in their practice were varied, with some being unable to articulate how RAGE had made a difference to their practice. Despite this there was an overwhelming positive response for the continued use of RAGE within the setting as a clinically validated tool by which to measure, record and manage aggressive behaviours.</p>

RESEARCH OF PROPENSITY TO AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR AMONG SCHOOLCHILDREN AND UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

The purpose of the article is to study the influence of emergency factors on the tenden-cy to aggressive behaviour among students. We conducted a study in Ukraine during 2016-2020 in emergency situations. In 2016, for the third year in a row, a military emergency situation con-tinued in eastern Ukraine, which left its mark on all the country's youth. In 2020, young people were exposed to a medical and biological emergency due to the Covid-19 pandemic. We made two diagnostic sections, respectively, in 2016 and 2020 using the same method of "Aggressive behaviour" (according to E. Ilin and P. Kovaliov). The results of the study show that there is a direct connection between a young person's stay in an emergency situation and an increase in the level of aggressive behaviour, in particular direct, physical one. Therefore, in emergency situations, it is necessary to develop and implement programs for the socio-psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation of young people.