Serological evidence of type 2 (North American genotype) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Nepal

ABSTRACT Type 2 (or North American-like) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was first recorded in 1987 in the United States and now occurs in most commercial swine industries throughout the world. In this study, we investigated the epidemiological and evolutionary behaviors of type 2 PRRSV. Based on phylogenetic analyses of 8,624 ORF5 sequences, we described a comprehensive picture of the diversity of type 2 PRRSVs and systematically classified all available sequences into lineages and sublineages, including a number of previously undescribed lineages. With the rapid growth of sequence deposition into the databases, it would be technically difficult for veterinary researchers to genotype their sequences by reanalyzing all sequences in the databases. To this end, a set of reference sequences was established based on our classification system, which represents the principal diversity of all available sequences and can readily be used for further genotyping studies. In addition, we further investigated the demographic histories of these lineages and sublineages by using Bayesian coalescence analyses, providing evolutionary insights into several important epidemiological events of type 2 PRRSV. Moreover, by using a phylogeographic approach, we were able to estimate the transmission frequencies between the pig-producing states in the United States and identified several states as the major sources of viral spread, i.e., “transmission centers.” In summary, this study represents the most extensive phylogenetic analyses of type 2 PRRSV to date, providing a basis for future genotyping studies and dissecting the epidemiology of type 2 PRRSV from phylogenetic perspectives.

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Simultaneous detection of Classical swine fever virus and North American genotype Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus using a duplex real-time RT-PCR

Journal of Virological Methods ◽

10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.05.011 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 151 (2) ◽

pp. 194-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Dan Cheng ◽

Jian-Jun Zhao ◽

Na Li ◽

Yuan Sun ◽

Yan-Jun Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

North American ◽

Classical Swine Fever Virus ◽

Simultaneous Detection ◽

Classical Swine Fever ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

North American Genotype

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Comparative Virulence of Reproductive Diseases Caused by Type 1 (European-like) and Type 2 (North American-like) Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Experimentally Infected Pregnant Gilts

Journal of Comparative Pathology ◽

10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.11.205 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 150 (2-3) ◽

pp. 297-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

K. Han ◽

H.W. Seo ◽

C. Park ◽

I. Kang ◽

S.-K. Youn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus

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Structure-function of the nucleocapsid protein of PRRSV North American genotype

Veterinary Research ◽

10.1051/vetres:2000073 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 24-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Yoo ◽

S. Wootton

Keyword(s):

Structure Function ◽

North American ◽

Nucleocapsid Protein ◽

North American Genotype

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A Comparison of Virulence of Three Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genotypes (a, b, and d) in Pigs Singularly Inoculated with PCV2 and Dually Inoculated with PCV2 and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10070891 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 891

Author(s):

Jeongmin Suh ◽

Taehwan Oh ◽

Keehwan Park ◽

Siyeon Yang ◽

Hyejean Cho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Porcine Circovirus Type ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽

Daily Weight Gain ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Average Daily Weight Gain ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Lesion Severity ◽

Severe Lung

The aim of this study was to compare the virulence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes in dually inoculated pigs with both three genotypes (a, b, and d) of PCV2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 (PRRSV-2) versus pigs singularly inoculated with the same three PCV2 genotypes (a, b, and d). Differences in this comparison were found in PCV2 viremia levels, lung and lymphoid lesion severity, and the amount of PCV2 antigen within the lymphoid lesions. Regardless of PCV2 genotypes, pigs that were dually inoculated with PCV2/PRRSV had significantly higher clinical scores, less average daily weight gain, higher levels of PCV2 viremia, and more severe lug and lymphoid lesions compared to pigs singularly inoculated with PCV2. Among the dually infected pig groups, pigs infected with PCV2d/PRRSV-2 had significantly higher levels of PCV2 viremia, more severe lung and lymphoid lesions, and more PCV2-positive cells within lymphoid lesions compared to pigs dually inoculated with PCV2a/PRRSV-2 and PCV2b/PRRSV-2. The results of this study demonstrated significant differences in the virulence among dual inoculation of PCV2a/PRRSV-2, PCV2b/PRRSV-2, and PCV2d/PRRSV-2. A significant difference in the virulence among PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d single-inoculated pig groups was not found with respect to the levels of PCV2 viremia and production of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions.

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Epidemiological investigation of porcine circovirus type 2 and its coinfection rate in Shandong province in China from 2015 to 2018

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-020-02718-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zicheng Ma ◽

Mengda Liu ◽

Zhaohu Liu ◽

Fanliang Meng ◽

Hongyu Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudorabies Virus ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽

Shandong Province ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Limited Information ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Diarrhea Virus

Abstract Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the crucial swine viral pathogens, caused porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD). Shandong province is one of the most important pork producing areas and bears a considerable economic loss due to PCVAD. However, there is limited information on epidemiology and coinfection rate of PCV2 with other critical swine diseases in this area, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Results Overall, 89.59% serum samples and 36.98% tissue samples were positive for PCV2 specified ELISA and PCR positive for PCV2, respectively. The coinfection rates of PCV2 with PRRSV, PRV, CSFV, and PEDV were 26.73%, 18.37%, 13.06%, and 3.47%, respectively. Moreover, genetic characteristic of PCV2 were analyzed based on the cap genes showing that PCV2d is the dominant sub-genotype circulating in the province. Conclusions Our findings reveal that PCV2d, as the dominant strain, is prevailing in pig farms in Shandong province at high levels. There was a high frequency of coinfection of PCV2 and PRRSV.

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