The social background of the emergence of regional merchant groups in the Ming Dynasty

The article is mainly about the historical background and design details of female underwear in the Ming dynasty. Through the analyses of the evolution of styles, materials, colors, patterns, and crafts of female underwear in the Ming Dynasty, the research shows that the cultural connotation behind the design of underwear. During the history of nearly 300 years of the Ming Dynasty, the social environment and cultural background of various periods, including Neo-Confucianism and Yangming's Mindology, economic and social development in different periods, social ethos and customs, have all contributed to the aesthetic orientation and design of female underwear in the Ming Dynasty. The research of design and development of Ming's female underwear is the inheritance and development of the wisdom of traditional creations, and it is of great significance to the development and protection of Chinese underwear culture.

Download Full-text

Courtesans and Scholars in the Writings of Feng Menglong: Transcending Status and Gender

NAN Nü ◽

10.1163/156852600750072303 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 40-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hsu Pi-Ching

Keyword(s):

Ming Dynasty ◽

Cultural Economic ◽

Political Factors ◽

Self And Other ◽

Feng Menglong ◽

The Social ◽

And Gender ◽

The Ming Dynasty

AbstractThe last century of the Ming dynasty saw an upsurge in romances between talented scholars and devoted courtesans. This paper discusses the social, cultural, economic, and political factors which might have contributed to the popularity of that genre. Focusing on Feng Menglong's writings of idealized courtesans who transcended their lowly existence at the bottom of gender and status hierarchies, the study also explores the interplay of ethics and culture in the courtesan-scholar romances and what the romances revealed about the literati perceptions of Self and Other.

Download Full-text

Social Hierarchy and Merchant Philanthropy as Perceived in Several Late-Ming and Early-Qing Texts

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient ◽

10.1163/156852098323213156 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 417-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Joanna Handlin Smith

Keyword(s):

Ming Dynasty ◽

Social Hierarchy ◽

Social Connections ◽

Moral Purpose ◽

Late Ming ◽

The Social ◽

Moral Instruction ◽

The Ming Dynasty

AbstractFollowing the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644, literati questioned the social hierarchy, acknowledged merchants as philanthropists, and revised their understanding of gifts and donations. Using several texts (by Tang Zhen and Wei Xi, in particular), this paper proposes that early-Qing literati reconceptualized some of the goals of philanthropy. Where late-Ming philanthropy aimed (among other things) to spread moral instruction and affirm the superior status of scholar-officials, the early-Qing Wei Xi condoned merchant use of philanthropy to build social connections. Thus, the high moralizing of late-Ming philanthropy gave way to perceptions that the recipients of aid were directly obligated to their benefactors. The weakening of the moral purpose of philanthropy and the intensification of donor-beneficiary relations sparked a trend to routinize philanthropy (through forced donations and quasi-taxation), thereby diminishing the room for and significance of individual initiative.

Download Full-text

The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ◽

10.1017/s0080440100017540 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 51-79

Author(s):

K. Edwards

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Social Background ◽

Early Career ◽

The Political ◽

Social Origins ◽

Political Activities ◽

Edward Ii ◽

The Social ◽

Complete Study ◽

History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

Download Full-text

Similarities and differences in the social background of female medical, nursing and health visitor students

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/oh.2008.28393 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 149 (24) ◽

pp. 1137-1142 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Helga Judit Feith ◽

Zsuzsanna Soósné Kiss ◽

Ágnes Kovácsné Tóth ◽

Péter Balázs

Keyword(s):

Social Background ◽

Health Visitor ◽

The Social ◽

Similarities And Differences

Ismereteink szerint ez idáig nem történt olyan átfogó vizsgálat Magyarországon, amely egészségügyi felsőoktatásban tanuló hallgatók szociokulturális hátterét vizsgálta volna. Célkitűzés: Keresztmetszeti kutatásunk fő célkitűzése az volt, hogy megismerjük és elemezzük a leendő orvosnők, diplomás ápolónők és védőnők társadalmi hátterében megmutatkozó különbségeket. Módszer: Jelen kutatásunk orvostanhallgató-nők, valamint egészségügyi főiskolai karon tanuló hallgatónők között készült, a Semmelweis Egyetemen. Összesen 295 hallgatónőt vontunk be a kutatásba, értékelhető választ adott 68,08% ( n = 201). Az eredményeket az SPSS programcsomag segítségével elemeztük, leíró statisztikai megközelítésben. Eredmények: A felmérésben részt vevő hallgatónők számos szociodemográfiai jellemzőjében meghatározó különbséget tapasztaltunk. Az orvostanhallgató-nők nagyobb hányada diplomás szülők gyermeke, ugyanakkor a főiskolai szintű képzésben részt vevő hallgatónők esetében ennek jóval kisebb az esélye. Nem találtunk ugyan statisztikailag alátámasztható különbséget a három hallgatói csoport családi állapotában, de megállapítható, hogy kevesebb diplomásápoló-hallgatónő volt férjezett, illetve élt élettársi kapcsolatban. Következtetések: A főiskolai hallgatónők, valamint az orvostanhallgatók szociokulturális hátterében megmutatkozó különbségek, az ebből következő társadalmi hátrányok nagyobb mértékben sújtják az ápoló- és védőnőhallgatókat, mint az orvostanhallgató-nőket.

Download Full-text