Courtesans and Scholars in the Writings of Feng Menglong: Transcending Status and Gender

NAN Nü ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsu Pi-Ching
Keyword(s):  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Feng Menglong ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Ming Dynasty

AbstractThe last century of the Ming dynasty saw an upsurge in romances between talented scholars and devoted courtesans. This paper discusses the social, cultural, economic, and political factors which might have contributed to the popularity of that genre. Focusing on Feng Menglong's writings of idealized courtesans who transcended their lowly existence at the bottom of gender and status hierarchies, the study also explores the interplay of ethics and culture in the courtesan-scholar romances and what the romances revealed about the literati perceptions of Self and Other.

scholarly journals Social and Political Factors Associated With State-Level Legalization of Cannabis in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Spetz ◽  
Susan A. Chapman ◽  
Timothy Bates ◽  
Matthew Jura ◽  
Laura A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Marijuana Policy ◽  
Recreational Use ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
Shed Light

Thirty-three U.S. states and the District of Columbia (DC) have legalized the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes and 10 states and DC have legalized marijuana for adult recreational use. This mirrors an international trend toward relaxing restrictions on marijuana. This article analyzes patterns in marijuana laws across U.S. states to shed light on the social and political forces behind the liberalization of marijuana policy following a long era of conservatism. Data on U.S. state-level demographics, economic conditions, and cultural and political characteristics are analyzed, as well as establishment of and levels of support for other drug and social policies, to determine whether there are patterns between states that have liberalized marijuana policy versus those that have not. Laws decriminalizing marijuana possession, as well as those authorizing its sale for medical and recreational use, follow the same pattern of diffusion. The analysis points to underlying patterns of demographic, cultural, economic, and political variation linked to marijuana policy liberalization in the U.S. context, which deserve further examination internationally.

scholarly journals Domestic Violence and Gender-Based Persecution: How Refugee Adjudicators Judge Women Seeking Refuge from Spousal Violence—and Why Reform Is Needed

Refuge ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-164
Author(s):  
Constance MacIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Intimate Violence ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Refugee Protection ◽  
Local Police ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
State Protection

This report is an effort to address information gaps regarding how gendered claims are addressed by adjudicators at Canada’s Refugee Protection Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (the RPD). It looks at one specific type of gendered claim: persecution through domestic or intimate violence. The study considers all the RPD decisions from 2004 to 2009 and judicial reviews from 2005 to 2009 that were reported in the Quicklaw LexisNexis service. These decisions are analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. This report finds adjudicators consistently identify domestic violence as a form of gendered persecution that can form a nexus to a convention ground. However, despite contrary directions from the Gender Guidelines, adjudicators often fail to recognize the social, cultural, economic, and psychological dynamics of domestic abuse as legally relevant for their assessment of state protection. There is a striking failure on this account when it comes to determining if it was reasonable to expect the claimant to seek state protection. This report presents data on factors such as the rates at which adjudicators consider the adequacy of women’s shelters and the responsiveness of local police to complaints. As well as identifying the frequency and grounds for which judicial reviews are granted, this report also presents a series of recommendations for reform. These recommendations identify where studies are needed, how the Gender Guidelines need reform to make them a helpful instrument, and how training and support for PRD adjudicators needs to be enhanced.

scholarly journals INTEGRATION OF EDUCATION: THE CASE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN SURAKARTA, INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1046-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Abdul Fattah Santoso ◽  
M. Thoyibi ◽  
Abdullah Aly
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Teachers And Students

Purpose: The research was conducted to explore the integration of education in the Muslim society in Indonesia, specifically what had been done in Islamic Integrated Elementary Schools in Surakarta, Indonesia. Hence, it studied the founders of the schools and their motives, their understanding of the idea of integration of education, the icons of the schools in order to realize the idea, the implementation of the idea, and the social support. Methodology: The research which was a case study using a qualitative approach found that the founders were either the older players or the newer ones, ranged from entrepreneur to activist. They established the schools and they were motivated by religious, educational, social-cultural, economic, and/or political factors. According to the informants, the integration of education had connotations in curriculum, learning, and management. Result: The icons they formulated were the internalization of Islam, spiritualization of education, Islamization of knowledge, sharia curriculum, and salaf (ancestor) curriculum. Such icons, then, affected the implementation of the idea of the integration of education. Furthermore, the society gave positive response and support on the performance of the schools. Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of integration of education: the case study of Islamic elementary schools in Surakarta, Indonesia is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Ahmed Kanna ◽  
Amélie Le Renard ◽  
Neha Vora
Keyword(s):  
Power Relations ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Production Of Knowledge ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Ethnographic Writing ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender

This concluding chapter explores the question of what decolonized ethnography and academia can look like. It argues that de-exceptionalizing the Arabian Peninsula as a field site requires deconstructing an idealized vision of Western academia as a presumed site of democracy and liberalism. The projects of anthropology and sociology, as they have been invested in anticolonial and antiracist justice and breaking down binary understandings between East and West, self and other, civilized and savage, are implicated in the continuing use of the exceptional and spectacular as tropes in ethnographic writing, revealing just how much work is yet to be done within their disciplines. Within these disciplines, some have questioned the various hierarchies that are realized through the production of knowledge, not only between the social scientists and their “objects” or “fields,” but also among social scientists themselves, particularly the ways in which power relations in terms of status, racialized identification, class, and gender shape perceptions of their expertise or lack thereof. The chapter then assesses how centering not only the Arabian Peninsula but gender, sexuality, race, household, and other topics that have until now been seen as marginal might provide better information about the societies social scientists study as well as transnational processes, globalization, and the contemporary world.

scholarly journals Study on Culture and Design of Female Underwear in the Ming Dynasty

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Yu Huang ◽  
XinRu Wu ◽  
XiaoFen Ji
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Cultural Connotation ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Ming Dynasty

The article is mainly about the historical background and design details of female underwear in the Ming dynasty. Through the analyses of the evolution of styles, materials, colors, patterns, and crafts of female underwear in the Ming Dynasty, the research shows that the cultural connotation behind the design of underwear. During the history of nearly 300 years of the Ming Dynasty, the social environment and cultural background of various periods, including Neo-Confucianism and Yangming's Mindology, economic and social development in different periods, social ethos and customs, have all contributed to the aesthetic orientation and design of female underwear in the Ming Dynasty. The research of design and development of Ming's female underwear is the inheritance and development of the wisdom of traditional creations, and it is of great significance to the development and protection of Chinese underwear culture.

scholarly journals A NÁUTICA E O USO DO TERRITÓRIO: ESCALAS E EVOLUÇÃO A PARTIR DA COSTA BRASILEIRA / NAUTIC IN THE USE OF THE TERRITORY: SCALES AND EVOLUTION AT BRAZILIAN COAST

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Daniel Hauer Queiroz Telles
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Technical System ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
System Use ◽  
Territorial Approach ◽  
Current Characteristics ◽  
Organic As

A abordagem territorial da náutica, desde uma perspectiva das instâncias sociais do espaço geográfico, consiste em uma proposta de análise que integra diferentes escalas espaciais e períodos temporais. Elevada a sistema técnico, esse objeto possibilita compreender as relações locais, em rede e globais. Os portos específicos para este fim são objetos técnicos centrais na investigação da náutica, desde suas primeiras expressões no litoral brasileiro, de uso popular, até as atuais características, de uso seletivo. Da vocação desportiva à promoção imobiliária e turística, tais objetos adquirem novas funções dentro do que se compreende por uso do território. Locais propensos às atividades náuticas requerem um arranjo de fatores ambientais, culturais, econômicos e políticos para evidenciar, nos dias de hoje, a forte relação simbólica e valorativa nos entornos urbanos – e periurbanos - em que estão inseridos os portos náuticos. Conclui-se que no uso náutico do território passa a predominar mais o caráter corporativo e organizacional do que banal e orgânico, como em sua gênese no Brasil.ABSTRACT:The territorial approach of nautical, from a perspective of the social instances of space, consists of a proposal of analysis that integrates different scales and periods. Understood as a technical system, this object makes it possible to understand local, regional and global relations. Ports for this purpose are fundamental technical objects in nautical research. From its earliest expressions on the Brazilian coast, from popular use to the current characteristics, selective use changes are observed. Starting from the sporting function for the valorization of real estate and tourism, these objects acquire new characteristics within what is understood by use of the territory. Places with a propensity for nautical activities require an arrangement of environmental, cultural, economic and political factors to highlight the symbolic and value relationship in the urban and periurban environments in which the nautical ports are inserted. It is concluded that the nautical use of the territory happens to predominate more to corporative and organizational than banal and organic, as in its genesis in Brazil.Keywords: Technical system; Use of the territory; Nautical ports.

Social Hierarchy and Merchant Philanthropy as Perceived in Several Late-Ming and Early-Qing Texts

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Handlin Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Moral Purpose ◽  
Late Ming ◽  
The Social ◽  
Moral Instruction ◽  
The Ming Dynasty

AbstractFollowing the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644, literati questioned the social hierarchy, acknowledged merchants as philanthropists, and revised their understanding of gifts and donations. Using several texts (by Tang Zhen and Wei Xi, in particular), this paper proposes that early-Qing literati reconceptualized some of the goals of philanthropy. Where late-Ming philanthropy aimed (among other things) to spread moral instruction and affirm the superior status of scholar-officials, the early-Qing Wei Xi condoned merchant use of philanthropy to build social connections. Thus, the high moralizing of late-Ming philanthropy gave way to perceptions that the recipients of aid were directly obligated to their benefactors. The weakening of the moral purpose of philanthropy and the intensification of donor-beneficiary relations sparked a trend to routinize philanthropy (through forced donations and quasi-taxation), thereby diminishing the room for and significance of individual initiative.

The value, costs, and meaning of transnational migration in rural Oaxaca, Mexico

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey H. Cohen ◽  
Bernardo Rios ◽  
Lise Byars
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Transnational Migration ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
The Social

Rural Oaxacan migrants are defined as quintessential transnational movers, people who access rich social networks as they move between rural hometowns in southern Mexico and the urban centers of southern California.  The social and cultural ties that characterize Oaxacan movers are critical to successful migrations, lead to jobs and create a sense of belonging and shared identity.  Nevertheless, migration has socio-cultural, economic and psychological costs.  To move the discussion away from a framework that emphasizes the positive transnational qualities of movement we focus on the costs of migration for Oaxacans from the state’s central valleys and Sierra regions.   

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