Correction to: Zero Tolerance for Genital Mutilation: a Review of Moral Justifications

Abstract Purpose of Review Based on the discussions of a symposium co-organized by the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and the University of Lausanne (UNIL) in Brussels in 2019, this paper critically reflects upon the zero-tolerance strategy on “Female Genital Mutilation” (FGM) and its socio-political, legal and moral repercussions. We ask whether the strategy is effective given the empirical challenges highlighted during the symposium, and also whether it is credible. Recent Findings The anti-FGM zero-tolerance policy, first launched in 2003, aims to eliminate all types of “female genital mutilation” worldwide. The FGM definition of the World Health Organization condemns all forms of genital cutting (FGC) on the basis that they are harmful and degrading to women and infringe upon their rights to physical integrity. Yet, the zero-tolerance policy only applies to traditional and customary forms of genital cutting and not to cosmetic alterations of the female genitalia. Recent publications have shown that various popular forms of cosmetic genital surgery remove the same tissue as some forms of “FGM”. In response to the zero-tolerance policy, national laws banning traditional forms of FGC are enforced and increasingly scrutinize the performance of FGC as well as non-invasive rituals that are culturally meaningful to migrants. At the same time, cosmetic procedures such as labiaplasty have become more popular than ever before and are increasingly performed on adolescents. Summary This review shows that the socio-legal and ethical inconsistencies between “FGM” and cosmetic genital modification pose concrete dilemmas for professionals in the field that need to be addressed and researched.

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Intersex Genital Mutilation – A Western Version of fgm

The International Journal of Children s Rights ◽

10.1163/15718182-02502008 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 396-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Melinda Jones

Keyword(s):

Social Practice ◽

Zero Tolerance ◽

The Philippines ◽

Cultural Practice ◽

The West ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Rights Of The Child ◽

The World ◽

Vast Range ◽

Female Genital

Children around the world are subjected to genital mutilation, which constitutes a serious breach of the rights of the child. When procedures are carried out on girl children in countries such as Africa, the Middle East and the Philippines, the practice is called Female Genital Mutilation or fgm. Although the term fgm involves a vast range of rituals from extremely invasive to quite minor, it is universally decried as an abhorrent social practice for which there should be zero tolerance. Yet intersex children in the West are subjected to equivalent treatment, and their plight has been ignored or endorsed. In the last few years, the practice has begun to be seen as a form of cruel and unusual treatment, possibly constituting torture. Now referred to as Intersex Genital Mutilation or igm, it is argued that this is a cultural practice equivalent to fgm and that advocates of children’s rights should work to prevent the abuse of intersex children.

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Female Genital Mutilation (International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation Editorial Comment)

International Healthcare Research Journal ◽

10.26440/ihrj/01_11/141 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (11) ◽

pp. 332-333

Author(s):

Ravneet Malhi

Keyword(s):

Editorial Comment ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Zero Tolerance ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Genital

International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation Editorial Comment by Dr. Ravneet Malhi

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Female Genital Mutilation: A hope for its end. An Overview

10.36811/ojgor.2019.110007 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 35-37

Author(s):

Maria A Grácio ◽

António J Santos Grácio

Keyword(s):

Psychological Health ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Zero Tolerance ◽

Research Projects ◽

Male And Female ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Modest Contribution ◽

Strong Energy ◽

Physical And Psychological Health ◽

Female Genital

During human history we found several procedures which can be considered as strong attacks on the physical and psychological integrity of human communities. Amongst these procedures are male and female genital mutilation. We have selected for this manuscript female genital mutilation (FGM) because we have personal knowledge of this practice in Africa and as there is today a growing perception on the necessity of to stop FGM, we want to share our experience of the knowledge of FGM. Effectively, some years ago, when we were working in research projects in Angola (West Africa) we were present at ceremonies (not the act) of female genital mutilation (FGM, whose popular name in Angola is “fanado”) by invitation of the community where the FGM was carried out, and we can transmit the following : (i) the images then seen remain in our memory -men, women and the young had vestments with many colors and adornments of metal, straw etc, were singing and dancing with strong energy ; (ii) the girls were stressed and fearful, thinking of their future suffering. Then, in this context, here we have as:1) general objective: to give our modest contribution to reinforce the necessity to end with the FGM practice, in that the dignity and rights of all girls are not respected; 2) particular objectives: (i) to show the negative repercussion of the FGM on girls concerning their physical and psychological health, since we are convinced that a genuine awareness of the gravity of the problems is an essential pre-condition for the implementation of any tangible measures for its end; (ii) to transmit the actual hope for the end of this procedure, considering, principally, that on 6 February 2019, WHO joins individuals, organizations, and UN partners worldwide in marking the International Day of Zero Tolerance for FGM [1]. To reach our objectives, we have selected information that we have considered as more relevant in the context of an edital.

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Application Of Electron Microscopy To Automotive Finish Defect Analysis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100134892 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 258-259

Author(s):

Martin J. Mahon ◽

Patrick W. Keating ◽

John T. McLaughlin

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Zero Tolerance ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Plant Management ◽

Defect Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Root Cause ◽

Cutting Out ◽

Foreign Materials ◽

Automotive Finish

Coatings are applied to appliances, instruments and automobiles for a variety of reasons including corrosion protection and enhancement of market value. Automobile finishes are a highly complex blend of polymeric materials which have a definite impact on the eventual ability of a car to sell. Consumers report that the gloss of the finish is one of the major items they look for in an automobile.With the finish being such an important part of the automobile, there is a zero tolerance for paint defects by auto assembly plant management. Owing to the increased complexity of the paint matrix and its inability to be “forgiving” when foreign materials are introduced into a newly applied finish, the analysis of paint defects has taken on unparalleled importance. Scanning electron microscopy with its attendant x-ray analysis capability is the premier method of examining defects and attempting to identify their root cause.Defects are normally examined by cutting out a coupon sized portion of the autobody and viewing in an SEM at various angles.

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