scholarly journals Research and Practice of AI Ethics: A Case Study Approach Juxtaposing Academic Discourse with Organisational Reality

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ryan ◽  
Josephina Antoniou ◽  
Laurence Brooks ◽  
Tilimbe Jiya ◽  
Kevin Macnish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Applications Of Ai

AbstractThis study investigates the ethical use of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies (BD + AI)—using an empirical approach. The paper categorises the current literature and presents a multi-case study of 'on-the-ground' ethical issues that uses qualitative tools to analyse findings from ten targeted case-studies from a range of domains. The analysis coalesces identified singular ethical issues, (from the literature), into clusters to offer a comparison with the proposed classification in the literature. The results show that despite the variety of different social domains, fields, and applications of AI, there is overlap and correlation between the organisations’ ethical concerns. This more detailed understanding of ethics in AI + BD is required to ensure that the multitude of suggested ways of addressing them can be targeted and succeed in mitigating the pertinent ethical issues that are often discussed in the literature.

Making the Invisible Visible

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-62
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Exploratory Case Study ◽  
Correlational Design ◽  
The Invisible

The purpose of this chapter is to explore how the invisible is being made visible in smart cities and regions. The research literature for urban approaches to making the invisible visible is explored in this chapter in the context of smart and responsive cities and regions, enabling the identification of opportunities for research and practice. Using an exploratory case study approach combined with an explanatory correlational design, this chapter reveals how people describe and assess their experience of cities as smart. An analysis of quantitative and qualitative data focusing on the constructs of heightening urban sensibilities and urbanizing sheds light on opportunities for both practice and research going forward. This chapter makes a contribution to 1) the research literature for urban approaches to the making of smarter and more responsive cities through making the invisible visible and 2) conceptual and practical thinking through formulation and operationalization of an emerging framework for making the invisible visible in urban spaces and regions.

scholarly journals China’s AI Strike Force on COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Kia Onn Wong
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Made In

PurposeThis paper examines the methodical and highly efficacious manner in which China deployed its comprehensive AI (artificial intelligence) strategy to significantly stymie the spread of COVID-19 across the country.Design/methodology/approachThis study deploys a case-study approach, supported by the literature on existing and emerging AI and related technologies.FindingsThe onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed to the world the remarkable progress China has made in AI and its accompanying ecosystem. More importantly, this outlier event demonstrates the surgical, hybridised manner in which China has utilised these emerging technologies in containing its spread (i.e. “AI Epidemiological Targeting”) and set itself on the path to unleashing their full potential (i.e. “AI Symbiosis Paradigm”). Nonetheless, China still needs to harness its rapidly advancing AI prowess in identifying COVID-19's pathogenesis and developing a proven vaccine.Originality/valueThis study presents a pioneering effort to analyse the deployment of AI and its ecosystem in the “war” against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Healthcare Professional Association Agency In Preparing For Artificial Intelligence: A Multi-Case Study Protocol (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Gillan ◽  
Brian Hodges ◽  
David Wiljer ◽  
Mark Dobrow
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Healthcare Professional ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Healthcare Professions ◽  
Future Practice

UNSTRUCTURED Background The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare impacts on most aspects of our healthcare systems including consideration of employment, training, education, and professional regulation for healthcare professions. It is incumbent on healthcare professional associations (HPAs) to assist their membership in defining and preparing for AI-related change. HPAs, or the national groups convened to represent the interests of the members of a profession, hold a unique role in establishing and maintaining the socio-cultural, normative, and regulative elements of healthcare professions. The objective of this study is to examine how, when faced with AI as a disruptive technology, HPAs engage in sense-making and legitimization of change in order to support their membership in preparing for future practice. Methods An exploratory multi-case study approach will be employed. This study will be informed by normalization process theory (NPT), which suggests behavioural constructs required for complex change, providing a novel lens through which to consider the agency of macro-level actors in practice change. Four HPAs will be studied, with each representing an instrumental case and related fields, selected for their early consideration and adoption of AI technologies. Data collection will consist of key-informant interviews, observation of relevant meetings, and document review. Individual and collective sense-making activities and action toward change will be identified and characterized using stakeholder network mapping. A hybrid inductive/deductive model will be used for a concurrent thematic analysis, mapping emergent themes against the NPT framework to assess fit and identify areas of discordance. Discussion A linear cross-case analytic approach will be taken to present the data, highlighting both guidance for the implementation of AI and implications for the application of NPT at the macro level. The ability to inform consideration of AI will depend on the degree to which the engaged HPAs have considered this topic at the time of the study, and hence what priority it has been assigned within the HPA and what actions have been taken to consider or prepare for it. The fact that this may differ between HPAs and associated professions and practice environments will require consideration throughout the analysis. Ultimately, this protocol outlines a case study approach to understanding how, when faced with AI as a disruptive technology, HPAs engage in sense-making and legitimization of the change in order to support their membership in preparing for future practice.

scholarly journals Reading the death of Mrs A: a serious case review

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Foley ◽  
Ian Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Case Review ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Health Services Need

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report the main themes identified into the Serious Case Review (SCR) produced by Surrey Safeguarding Adults Board (SSAB) regarding the suicide of Mrs A in January 2013. Design/methodology/approach – A case study approach is used to examine the SCR. The paper links the findings of the SCR with the broader literature, which has examined the experiences of witnesses and complainants in cases of sexual violence. Findings – The report emphasises that support for witnesses in historic sexual assault cases has improved but there are still significant gaps in provision. In particular, the systems need to support witnesses for longer after giving evidence. Mental health services need to be more aware of the potential impact of Court cases on victims of sexual violence. The case also highlights the potentially devastating impact of the media reporting of evidence given by victims in rape cases. Practical implications – The authors hope that a wider consideration of the circumstances of this case will lead to a greater focus on the needs of victims in cases of historic rape and other sexual assault cases. The SCR highlights that the provision of support for women giving evidence in sexual abuse cases is patchy. Such cases raise very serious ethical issues including the question of how to use the special measures that exist to support vulnerable or intimidated witnesses. Originality/value – The paper brings together a number of themes in the wider literature and links them to current practice. It also uses a case study approach to exploring the implications for women, in cases of historical sexual abuse, of giving evidence in Court proceedings.

scholarly journals Healthcare Professional Association Agency In Preparing For Artificial Intelligence: A Multi-Case Study Protocol

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Gillan ◽  
Brian Hodges ◽  
David Wiljer ◽  
Mark Dobrow
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Healthcare Professional ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Healthcare Professions ◽  
Future Practice

Abstract BackgroundThe emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare impacts on most aspects of our healthcare systems including consideration of employment, training, education, and professional regulation for healthcare professions. It is incumbent on healthcare professional associations (HPAs) to assist their membership in defining and preparing for AI-related change. HPAs, or the national groups convened to represent the interests of the members of a profession, hold a unique role in establishing and maintaining the socio-cultural, normative, and regulative elements of healthcare professions. The objective of this study is to examine how, when faced with AI as a disruptive technology, HPAs engage in sense-making and legitimization of change in order to support their membership in preparing for future practice.MethodsAn exploratory multi-case study approach will be employed. This study will be informed by normalization process theory (NPT), which suggests behavioural constructs required for complex change, providing a novel lens through which to consider the agency of macro-level actors in practice change. Four HPAs will be studied, with each representing an instrumental case and related fields, selected for their early consideration and adoption of AI technologies. Data collection will consist of key-informant interviews, observation of relevant meetings, and document review. Individual and collective sense-making activities and action toward change will be identified and characterized using stakeholder network mapping. A hybrid inductive/deductive model will be used for a concurrent thematic analysis, mapping emergent themes against the NPT framework to assess fit and identify areas of discordance. DiscussionA linear cross-case analytic approach will be taken to present the data, highlighting both guidance for the implementation of AI and implications for the application of NPT at the macro level. The ability to inform consideration of AI will depend on the degree to which the engaged HPAs have considered this topic at the time of the study, and hence what priority it has been assigned within the HPA and what actions have been taken to consider or prepare for it. The fact that this may differ between HPAs and associated professions and practice environments will require consideration throughout the analysis. Ultimately, this protocol outlines a case study approach to understanding how, when faced with AI as a disruptive technology, HPAs engage in sense-making and legitimization of the change in order to support their membership in preparing for future practice.

Evolving Urban Understandings

2019 ◽  
pp. 105-132
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Urban Theory ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Exploratory Case Study ◽  
The City

The purpose of this chapter is to explore visible and invisible flows of information as an emerging and evolving landscape in technology-infused experiences of the city. As such, this work aims to shed additional light on the concept of the ambient in terms of participation in relation to culture, economies, and everything. The research literature for culture, economies, and other urban elements as ambient is explored in this chapter in the context of smart cities, enabling identification of issues, controversies, and problems. Using an exploratory case study approach, solutions and recommendations are advanced. This chapter makes a contribution to 1) the research literature for ambient culture and economies and the ambient turn for smart and responsive cities, 2) the evolving of urban theory, and 3) research and practice through formulation and operationalization of a conceptual framework for ambient cultures and economies in smart cities.

The adaptation of anthropomorphism and archetypes for marketing artificial intelligence

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulnara Z. Karimova ◽  
Valerie Priscilla Goby
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Consumer Trust ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Jungian Archetypes ◽  
Human Attributes

Purpose This paper aims to present an exploration of possible associations between the Jungian archetypes frequently used in marketing and three well-known products based on artificial intelligence (AI), namely, Sophia, Alexa and Articoolo. Design/methodology/approach The study conducted emotionalist interviews to gather thick data from 11 participants on how they conceptualize these AI-based products. In the absence of any existing relevant hypotheses, this paper attempts to build theory using a case study approach and qualitative analysis of interview narratives. Findings Despite the human attributes ascribed to these products, participants were principally concerned with their purpose, efficiency and the degree of trust which they felt could be accorded to the product. Anthropomorphism emerged as significant with participants making some associations with common archetypes traditionally exploited in marketing and this suggests a possible means of enhancing consumer trust in AI products. Originality/value Little research has been conducted on the marketing of AI and this study presents a timely identification of some potentially significant issues. As AI is intended to mimic some aspects of human intelligence, the role of the archetype in creating a personality to enhance trust may prove crucial in securing consumer confidence.

scholarly journals Seasonal Losses in Capture Fisheries: Occurrence, Market Responses and Response Constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Technological Factors ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Market Responses ◽  
Harvest Control Rule ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Systems

Seasonal losses have challenged capture fishery. Chellenges include difficulty market players to maintain production, and consumers to secure quality fish supply. This paper aims to confirm problems of seasonal fish loss and shows how this links to management. The study, conducted in 2016, followed a case study approach, carried out in seven locations: Palabuhanratu, Blanakan, Probolinggo, Sendangbiru, Pekalongan, Cilacap, and Pati. Interviews were done with fishers, fresh and processed fish traders, processors, consumers, each represented by ten respondents per location. Results show that respondents face problems of seasonal variation and respond with available options. Responses are constrained mainly by financial, facility, and technological factors. I is recommended then that problems and factors be addressed through a harvest control rule schemes. Within these schemes, the rule is described as aiming at (i) imposing harvest levels within the range sufficient to sustain stocks, (ii) avoiding fish deterioration in peak seasons, and (iii) allowing for manageable peak season oversupply to be stored in preparation for low seasons. Complementing to this rule, government interventions are necessary and this can be implemented in concrete actions such as strengthening capital to withstand fluctuations in income, introducing artificial intelligence systems to help market players make decisions.

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