Spatial Justice

Marginalized communities around the world are disproportionately impacted by the distribution of unjust infrastructure and environmental conditions. However, through distributive, procedural, and restorative frameworks, it is possible to teach spatial designers to challenge, inform, and reshape the world toward a more just and equitable future. This chapter delves into the various themes developed as part of the “Spatial Justice” professional elective at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, which offers an interdisciplinary perspective on urban studies, urban design, and the roles that social, environmental, and ecological justice play in designing a more just and equitable urbanity. In this course, students explore critical urban theory, justice, counter cartographies, design activism, participatory systems, and spatial agency using alternative mapping methodologies to render legible latent sociospatial asymmetries.

Konstitusi Peralihan Kekuasaan Kesultanan Kutai Kartanegara Ing Martapura

ideology of state sovereignty, which was adhered to by the royal leaders and their people. The infrastructure of civilization is still sustainable, despite the turmoil of the succession of leadership, indicating the presence of very strong social capital, namely justice and peace. Starting from the archipelago ideology is Kutai Martapura Kingdom, switching to a Malay ideology is Kutai Kartanegara Kingdom, and a modern ideology is Kutai Kartanegara Ing Martapura Sultanate. The nationality theory ('ashabiyah), the urban theory ('urban), and the development theory ('umran) by Ibn Khaldun (1332 - 1406 AD), were able to reveal the dynamics of the historical continuity of the Republic of Indonesia, which wanted to move the State Capital in some areas Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. Taking turns, coming and going, until the population settles in an area in the territory of the country, shows the presence of a very great human culture

Urbanization in the Middle Niger of Mali

When the tell site of Jenne-jeno was brought to light in the vast floodplain of the southern Middle Niger of Mali, archaeologists had to question certain expectations about just what constitutes an ancient city. The city was certainly too early (3rd century bce rather than the expected late first millennium ce) and Jenne-jeno did not conform to the standard city form (a mosaic of satellites rather than the expected agglomeration). But it was the persistent lack of evidence of a centralized ruler, social strata of elites, and of the hierarchical decision-making mechanisms of the state that set this urban landscape so at odds with then prevalent urban theory. The seventy apparently contemporaneous hamlets and specialists’ occupation mounds surrounding Jenne-jeno form the Jenne-jeno Urban Complex. It is a classic example of African originality in evolving urban landscapes. In place of the top-down, often despotic state control as the organizing principle of the city, here there is a classic city without citadel—and thus heterarchy (authority and power relations arrayed horizontally) instead of a social and political hierarchy at the heart of the city can be posited. The search for the pre-Jenne-jeno antecedents has taken a newer generation of archaeologists to look at “pre-urban” landscapes in other, now-dry parts of the Middle Niger deep in the northern. Sahel and Sahara. Back to the second millennium bce, the single site can be found to be the exception; clustering had roots deep in time.

Opus Oppidum: Research for architecture, research beyond the city

<p>Metropolises around the globe continue on the path of relentless growth under the extreme forces of urbanisation, whilst the provinces are neglected. This design-led research builds on recent discussions concerning New Zealand’s regional inequality and decline, calling upon the critical role of architecture. It asks, what about the small towns? What about the non-city? The research presented in this thesis was deployed through a dual inquiry; Firstly, it explores the emergent rurban context of the non-city as architecture’s project; Secondly, it seeks to reveal methods for architecture’s critical engagement as a catalyst towards regional transformation and prosperity. An uninhabited ‘buffer zone’ between Port Otago and the township of Port Chalmers is presented as the rurban context for architecture’s project. Developed in parallel to the design inquiry, the theoretical framework discusses new critical urban theory, arguing for a new lens to which design methods and experiments within form and field can be tested. The dual inquiry reveals strategies and tactics towards a transformative rurbanism equating to the final design proposition: Opus Oppidum: A possible armature. The conglomeration of the final design proposition, theoretical framework and exploration of design method, form a body of work that establishes the rurban condition (the non-city) as a place that desperately needs architecture’s critical engagement, and a place that is critical for the discipline of architecture.</p>

Opus Oppidum: Research for architecture, research beyond the city

<p>Metropolises around the globe continue on the path of relentless growth under the extreme forces of urbanisation, whilst the provinces are neglected. This design-led research builds on recent discussions concerning New Zealand’s regional inequality and decline, calling upon the critical role of architecture. It asks, what about the small towns? What about the non-city? The research presented in this thesis was deployed through a dual inquiry; Firstly, it explores the emergent rurban context of the non-city as architecture’s project; Secondly, it seeks to reveal methods for architecture’s critical engagement as a catalyst towards regional transformation and prosperity. An uninhabited ‘buffer zone’ between Port Otago and the township of Port Chalmers is presented as the rurban context for architecture’s project. Developed in parallel to the design inquiry, the theoretical framework discusses new critical urban theory, arguing for a new lens to which design methods and experiments within form and field can be tested. The dual inquiry reveals strategies and tactics towards a transformative rurbanism equating to the final design proposition: Opus Oppidum: A possible armature. The conglomeration of the final design proposition, theoretical framework and exploration of design method, form a body of work that establishes the rurban condition (the non-city) as a place that desperately needs architecture’s critical engagement, and a place that is critical for the discipline of architecture.</p>

Theorizing Regulation-in-City for Homeless People’s Subaltern Strategy and Informality: Societalization, Metabolism, and Classes With(out) Housing

This paper aims to expand critical urban theory and spatialized political economy through developing a new, broad-based theoretical explanation of homelessness and the informal housing of the deprived in public spaces. After reviewing an important debate in geography, it systematicallyreasserts the relevance of class-related concepts in urban studies and, mobilizing post-determinist notions, it shows how a class-driven theory can inform the emergence of appropriating/differentiating/reconciliating agency from the material bedrock of urban metabolism and its society-integrating effect (societalization). The author weaves an urban diagnostic web of concepts by situating city-dwellers—classes with(out) housing—at the material level of metabolism and then in the sociopolitical dynamic of regulation, finding in the two realms urban class relations (enlisted within societalization) and agency formation (for reregulation, subaltern strategies, and potential rapprochement). The housing classes are retheorized as a composite category of hegemonic dwellers who enjoy housing consumption and whose metabolism thus appears as the normative consumption of public/private spaces. Homeless people are understood as a subaltern class who lacks housing consumption and whose metabolism can produce “housing” out of public spaces, in opposition to a hegemonic urban form practiced by the housing classes. These urban class relations breed homeless–housed divides and homeless regulation, and yet allow for agency’s creative appropriation/differentiation/reconciliation. This paper avoids crude dichotomy, but it argues that critical urban theory can productively use this way of theorization for examining post-determinist urban lifeworlds in relation to the relative fixity of urban form, metabolic circuits, and class relations.

A Comparison Review of Kevin Lynch’s Urban Theory with the Chinese Cosmography of Feng Shui in the Heritage Area, Case Study: Pasar Baru, Jakarta

Jakarta is facing the reality of becoming one of the megacities in the world. As a megacity, Jakarta will continue to face critical problems, including environmental issues that occur not only in Jakarta but also in the surrounding areas. The research area is Pasar Baru, the oldest shopping area in Central Jakarta established in 1820. Naturally, this area should have a high historical value for the development of the City of Jakarta. This study explored the “shopping arcade” corridor from Kevin Lynch’s urban theory of “The Image of The City” to strengthen the implementation of re-planning the Pasar Baru in the future. This study aims to find how the view of The Image of The City can support the idea of re-planning the Pasar Baru from a tangible point of view, physically visible, and an intangible point of view through the spiritual approach of Feng Shui cosmography. The research uses qualitative methods supported by collecting data in literature reviews, surveys and analyzing them. The study found that the concept given by Kevin Lynch can help decision-makers of a city to be more responsible in making policies in designing a sustainable city to carry out conservation actions, not only political goals.

Critical urban theory in the Anthropocene

Critical urban thinkers often imagine urbanisation and the Anthropocene as inevitably being companion processes. But is planetary urbanisation the necessary telos and spatial limit of life in the Anthropocene? Is urban resilience the final form of urban responses to climate change? Will (or should) the urban (as either spatial form or process) survive the upending impacts of climate change or adaptation? Or, if the Anthropocene is a time of deep environmental and epistemological upheaval without historical precedent, might even more recently created spatial concepts of the planetary urban condition themselves soon be out of date? This article raises these questions for urban scholars via critical engagement with a proposal to retire Miami – considered climate change ‘ground zero’ in the US and doomed by rising seas – and repurpose it as fill for ‘The Islands of South Florida’: a self-sufficient territory of artificial high-rises delinked from global infrastructural networks. This vision of an ‘urbicidal Anthropocene’, the article argues, suggests that the injunction subtending planetary urbanisation work – to relentlessly question inherited spatial frameworks – has not been taken far enough. Still needed is Anthropocene critical urban theory, to consider urban forms and processes emerging via climate change and adaptation, but also how such mutations may point beyond the theoretical and spatial bounds of the contemporary urban condition itself.