An Empirical Approach to Explore the Relationship Between Measures of Disproportionate Reporting and Relative Risks from Analytical Studies

Drug Safety ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel-Angel Maciá-Martínez ◽  
Francisco J. de Abajo ◽  
Gilly Roberts ◽  
Jim Slattery ◽  
Bharat Thakrar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Analytical Studies ◽  
Disproportionate Reporting ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Conditional and marginal relative risk parameters for a class of recursive regression graph models

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 3466-3486
Author(s):  
Monia Lupparelli
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Oral Morphine ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Morphine Administration ◽  
Gaussian Case ◽  
Regression Graph ◽  
Risk Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

In linear regression modelling, the distortion of effects after marginalizing over variables of the conditioning set has been widely studied in several contexts. For Gaussian variables, the relationship between marginal and partial regression coefficients is well established and the issue is often addressed as a result of W. G. Cochran. Possible generalizations beyond the linear Gaussian case have been developed, nevertheless the case of discrete variables is still challenging, in particular in medical and social science settings. A multivariate regression framework is proposed for binary data with regression coefficients given by the logarithm of relative risks, and a multivariate Relative Risk formula is derived to define the relationship between marginal and conditional relative risks. The method is illustrated through the analysis of the morphine data in order to assess the effect of preoperative oral morphine administration on the postoperative pain relief.

The Relationship between Odds Ratios and Relative Risks

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S528
Author(s):  
Ian Shrier ◽  
Russell Steele
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Relationship between Smoking and Acute Mountain Sickness: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Masuet-Aumatell ◽  
Alba Sánchez-Mascuñano ◽  
Fernando Agüero Santangelo ◽  
Sergio Morchón Ramos ◽  
Josep Maria Ramon-Torrell
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Acute Mountain Sickness ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Mountain Sickness ◽  
The Relationship

Aims. Previous epidemiological investigations of the relationship between smoking and acute mountain sickness (AMS) risk yielded inconsistent findings. Therefore, a meta-analysis of observational studies was performed to determine whether smoking is related to the development of AMS. Methods. Searches were performed on PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science for relevant studies that were published before November 2016 reporting smoking prevalence and AMS. Two evaluators independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed study quality. The pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the type of participant, altitude, and study design. Results. A total of 11 observational studies involving 7,106 participants, 2,408 of which had AMS, were eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis. The summary RR for AMS comparing smokers to nonsmokers was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.83 to 1.26). Specific analyses for altitude, type of participant, and study design yielded similar results. There was significant heterogeneity for all studies (Q=37.43; P<0.001; I2=73%, 95% CI: 51% to 85%). No publication bias was observed (Egger’s test: P=0.548, Begg’s test: P=0.418). Conclusions. The meta-analysis indicates that no difference was found in AMS risk with regard to smoking status.

A note on the theoretical relation between the fractions of maturity of organs and of the whole animal

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Parks
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Theoretical Relation ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Growth Of Animals ◽  
Q Function

ABSTRACTA general parabola constrained to pass through points (0,0) and (1,1) yields a linear one parameter (q) function which can be used to relate the fraction of maturity of organs or masses of tissue to the fraction of maturity of the whole animal. This is an empirical approach. It is often preferable to derive a function from a theory of the phenomenon under study. A theory of feeding and growth of animals is used to derive a non-linear one parameter (k) function which can be used to study the same data to which the linear q-function is applicable. The parameter, k is directly proportional to the fraction of total nutrients consumed by the animal which is allocated to the organ as the animal ages. If the fraction of nutrient allocated remains constant, the parameter k is constant and has the same properties as the parameter q. However there is nothing in the theory which constrains k to be constant, therefore, the q-function is of more general use than the q-function in the study of the relationship of the fraction of maturity of organs to that of the whole animal. Two cases are presented to illustrate this generality.

Trust in judicial institutions: an empirical approach

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUDIVINE ROUSSEY ◽  
BRUNO DEFFAINS
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Legal Aid ◽  
Control Variables ◽  
Economic Control ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract:This paper investigates the relationship between judicial resources and individuals’ trust in the justice system. We argue that the justice budget is likely to have a positive and significant impact on individuals’ trust in justice, thanks to its role as a signal when individuals face uncertainty regarding the judicial environment. We test this hypothesis empirically using three different budget-related variables: the justice budget per incoming case, the number of magistrates and the intensity of legal aid. Across our three regressions, we find a positive and significant correlation between judicial resources and individuals’ declared trust in the justice system. This positive relationship is robust to the introduction of socio-demographic, cultural, institutional and economic control variables. We finally offer empirical support to the intuition that the effect of the justice budget on trust in justice is likely to be greater when individuals are more satisfied with the level of democracy in their country.

Secondhand smoking and neurological disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Yang Xiao ◽  
Dongming Wang ◽  
Weihong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Secondhand Smoking ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Smoking Exposure ◽  
Health Damage ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBackgroundThe results of studies on the relationship between secondhand smoking and neurological disease remain controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to explore the association between secondhand smoking and risk of neurological disease.MethodsLiterature search was performed in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science through December 2019. We included cohort studies which examined the association between secondhand smoking and risk of neurological disease. According to the type of neurological disease, summary relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of stroke, cognitive impairment and Parkinson disease (PD) for secondhand smoking exposure were calculated.ResultsA total of 14 unique articles (n=697,185 participants) were eventually included in the analysis. When all studies were pooled, the RR of stroke for secondhand smoking exposure was 1.20 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.38). When studies included only non-smokers, the pooled RR of stroke was 1.20 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.37). Summary RRs of cognitive impairment and PD for secondhand smoking exposure were 1.43 (95% CI: 1.02, 2.00) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.95), respectively. Summary RRs did not change significantly when excluding one study at a time.ConclusionsSecondhand smoking was found to be positively associated with risks of stroke and cognitive impairment, while inversely associated with risk of PD. Overall, our finding is a reminder of the need to step up smoking bans to prevent health damage, and also suggests that more researches on biological mechanisms whereby secondhand smoking affect PD may be beneficial to PD prevention and treatment.

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